Police-Perpetrated Domestic Violence Essay - 2703 Words

For my research project I decided to do it on domestic violence. Domestic violence can be described as a violent or aggressive behavior within the home, typically involving the violent abuse of a spouse or partner. Domestic violence can happen on the street, in one’s home or even in a public place. The people who are exposed to domestic violence can be children, men and women; women are usually the ones that suffer from domestic violence from their loved ones. There are plenty of subtopics to choose from that involves domestic violence, the sub topic that interested me the most was Police Officers that are involved in Domestic Violence acts. I chose to do my research topic on domestic violence because I want to learn more about the topic†¦show more content†¦Domestic violence can be described as an altercation that happens between a family and in their homes away from the public. In Wentendorf (2000) article she talks about how domestic violence is not mainly based on physical abuse and mentions that when a man talks about physical abuse then the women are more likely to suffer from assault or battery (p. 1). When there is domestic violence around there is love mixed with hope, fear, isolation and intimidation (Waentendorf, 2000, p.1) as a result of women that still feel for the man who they once fell in love with and they just don’t want to let go of the feeling she has when she is with him. The women love their husbands for what he does when he is not beating or abusing them that are a reason they don’t want to turn him in. Another reason why women do not want to give up the connection that they have with their husbands is because she might think that she made him do it and he will change if she changes. In Wentendorf’s (2000) research continues she talks about when domestic violence happens in between the homes of police officers they mainly try to keep it a secret and try to resolve the problem in the house between the f amily instead of involving law enforcement and the public. The biggest fear that police officers face is losing their jobs (Wentendorf, 2000, p.8) and does not want everything they worked for over the years toShow MoreRelatedChild Abuse and Violence Against Families1204 Words   |  5 PagesAbuse and Violence Against Females Domestic violence in the United States has become a major problem that affects nearly 2/3 s of all people. It can affect wives, the elderly, and even men, but in this paper we will discuss the abuse that occurs to children and also violence toward women. It is widely assumed that most estimates of the incidence of domestic violence are underestimates. Even large population surveys cannot provide accurate estimates of the extent of domestic violence. This isRead MoreThe International Context Of Violence Against Women Essay1089 Words   |  5 Pagesatrocities being perpetrated against women in various forms, combinations and modes. This volume highlights various aspects of domestic violence, dowry, exploitation in various ways besides teen dating, sexual slavery, rape and various other aspects besides the role of police in curbing this evil as the pillars of administration. It highlights the plight of women world over in the light of various studies on violence against women. It farther underscores the various aspects of violence with a focus onRead MoreDomestic Violence Is A Coercive Behavior That Involves1184 Words   |  5 PagesDomestic Violence is a coercive behavior that involves a physical, psychological or sexual attack per petrated by individuals against their partner or former partner. 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Essay about Peyote and Native American Culture - 1763 Words

Peyote and Native American Culture Peyote was originally described in 1560, however it was not until the middle of the nineteenth century that botanists were able to conduct field research and correctly classify the cactus (Anderson, 1980). Field studies have concluded that there are two distinct populations of peyote which represent two species. The first and most common, Lophophora williamsii extends from southern Texas reaching south to the Mexican state of San Luis Potosi. The second and least common of the two species is Lophophora difusa, which occurs in the dryer terrain of the Mexican state of Queretaro. This species differs from the more common species by, being yellowish-green rather than blue green in color, by lacking any†¦show more content†¦Also it should be noted that depending on the tribe or group leader, elements of Christianity figure prominently through the ceremony (www. peyote. net). The majority of the peyotism practiced in the United States can be identified with the Native American Ch urch (NAC). There are many divisions of the NAC, and each chapter is composed of several auxiliary chapters or moons, Each chapter has officers who are trained to carry out the various tasks associated with the peyote ceremony. The most prominent position is that of Road Chief who is responsible for governing the main elements of the meeting as well as leading the participants down The Peyote Road or the way of learning to live life well (www.peyote.net), There are other offices held in the ceremony such as Cedar Man, Fire Man, Drum Man, and Earth Mother, and while many chapters have their own variances of the ceremony, many share common ceremonial elements along with the adherence to the practice of avoiding alcohol, devotion to family, and general moral living (www.peyote.net). 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Essay Management and Organization in a Global Environment

Question: Write an essay on "Management and Organization in a Global Environment". Answer: Introduction Decision-making is the integral part of the business management, which requires the excessive attention and carefulness. The Decision Support System (DSS) is considered as one of the significant information disciplines that supports and improves the human decision-making (Evans and Stanovich 2013). The management decision-making process has the effective influence in the business practices. Croskerry (2013) pointed out that the sound decision-making process is essentially needed for ensuring the primary functions of the management. It is noted that the business managers usually make some of the important decisions consciously or subconsciously. According to Croskerry, Singhal and Mamede (2013), it is a process of determining the managerial activities and signifying the crucial roles made within an organization. The indispensable and continuous process of decision-making is the driving force for the organizational management. However, it has been seen that managers have to face severa l cognitive biases while undertaking the proper decision for organizational welfare. As explained by Axelrod (2015), cognitive biases are also known as the psychological biases, which are reflecting the tendency to make decision in an illogical way. Some of the situational incidents make the managers undertake the subconscious decisions, which may lead them towards the illogical way. The behavioral decision theory has been concentrating on the cognitive psychology that has the clear linkage with the decision support system. As stated by Meissner and Wulf (2013), Decision biases refer to the mental behavior or cognitions that represents the unfairness in making decisions for people within an organization. It is also termed as judgment or cognitive biases. In some of the cases, the decision biases are differentiated from the feature of rational decision-making. The tendency of biases is generally affecting the relevant decision-making process. Croskerry, Singhal and Mamede (2013) opined that the psychological bias is opposing the term of common sense and clear. The bias leads towards missing the fruitful opportunities. This biasness can specify different aspects, which sometimes cause harm to the organizational practices. In describing the origin of the cognitive biases, it is to be indicated that biases are formed equally and it is difficult to overcome this biasness. It is true that the cognitive biases usually affect the business practices (Betsch and Haberstroh 2014). Humans make the fruitful decision and the emergence of the cognitive biases is interrupting the proper way to make these fruitful decisions. Usually it has been seen that the cognitive biases can result the distortion or the perceptual blindness (Power, Sharda and Burstein 2015). The influence of the cognitive biases on humans creates the significant challenges for the company and the work environment. When a group is formed, the leader has to be much ski lled and free from the biasness, or else the team members will be biased as well. It is to be noted that the human biasness can destroy the market opportunity by making the blind decisions (Goschke 2014). During the strategic decision-making process, the extreme stress level can lead towards making the biased decision. The Anchoring biasness defines the tendency to jump to conclusions. The final judgment is always based on the information gathered during the decision-making process. The study will be discussing about the different cognitive biases faced by the managers during the organizational decision making process. The study will also discuss the way of misleading the managers towards the ineffective decision making aspects. The topic will be exploring some biases mentioned in the taxonomy formed by Arnott. The contextual elaboration will be provided in keeping focus on the rationale of the study. Discussion It is to be indicated that one of the major aspects of the behavioral decision theory has the connection with DSS researchers. More specifically, it is seen that some of the system analysis is also involved in order to develop the DSS, which is assimilated with the decision quality that are made for other people (Koch, DMello and Sackett 2015). The decision biases are divided into 37 different components and David Arnott classified this. The study will be discussing about two major components related to the decision biases and the preferable examples will be discussed accordingly. One of the major and significant components of decision biases is Anchoring and Adjustment. In defining the term, it is to be stated that Adjustments from an Initial position are useful insufficient (Tamir and Mitchell 2013). It is to be indicated that the initial human judgment begins with the adjustable opinion. The environment, which is associated with extraction of continuous feedback, is justified strategy in this regard. This strategy is mainly identified by the experiment between two groups of the subjects that are estimating the quantity (Cen, Hilary and Wei 2013). Each of the groups is thereby given the initial position in such manner. One example regarding this can be mention in this case. If one group is informed the length of a known river as 500 miles while other group is informed as 5000 miles, the first group is estimated for 1000 miles and the other group is for 3000 miles. However, both of these estimations are wrong, because the actual answer would be 2,300 miles. T he experiment has been concerning the dominance over the quality judgment after suggesting a reference point. It is noted that the adjustment associated with the reference point is generally insufficient as per the estimation. In concentrating on this example, it can be inferred that the this anchoring or adjustment is such a cognitive bias that is reflecting the human tendency to be reliable on the first information. Heath et al. (2013) commented that the humans make the decision based on the initial information and tends to derive the subsequent judgments. Another example related to such cognitive bias is the first impression syndrome, which is signifying the inability if the humans to make decisions once one instant assessment is made. Therefore, it can be stated that when one anchor is set, the other judgments have to be adjusted accordingly to interpret the other information. Many of the psychologists have presented the documentation about such cognitive biases. Shaffer et al. (2014) implied that during the formulation of the quantitative estimation, it is much influenced by the previous values. Hence, it is sometimes required to some of the heuristic causes, which makes the investors most vulnerable. In supporting such statement, Lee et al. (2013) notified that this psychological heuristic has been influencing the people for assessing the probabilities. Usually a person starts with fixing the first approximation and makes the incremental judgments by keeping the focus on the probable adjustments. Hence, the adjustments are insufficient in such cases and the anchor can assess the significant influence for the future prospects. However, people face the promising phase in terms of avoiding such anchoring. It is very difficult to ignore the first information received for the initial assessments. However, on the other hand, Shapira and Shaver (2014) argued th at elimination of the anchoring is much easier and direct. These contradictory views have been influencing the study in a significant way. In the previous research, Baumann et al. (2014) considered Heuristic as the mental shortcuts, which usually used for simplifying the difficult tasks or problems. The quick made estimation can lead to the inaccuracy, which may determine the uncertain events. It is clear that during the initial stage of fixing the anchor, participants have to deal with the two-step process. In the first stage, they usually make the comparative assessment and ends up with the followed estimate in the next stage. Therefore, it can be indicated that the heuristics generally require the little information, but it has be accurate. More specifically, the heuristic is decreasing the cognitive burdens during making any relevant decision. It is important to note that the heuristic process has been analyzing the subtle information that is useful for the decision-making process. Moreover, the heuristic has been diminishing the work of retrieving, streamlining, and restoring the information by the reduction of int egrated information. Figure 1: Anchor and Adjustment Bias In the year of 1974, Tversky and Kahneman first introduced this concept of anchoring and adjustment (Cheek and Norem 2016). In stating this concept, another most relevant example can be added. When individual needs to purchase a car, it is required to receive the initial information first. People will be paying the cost only if the information is accurate and it has some of the significance. In such cases, the initial information is taken into consideration and the further information is accordingly adjusted. The conservative form of the adjustments tends to be biased in considering the determined anchor (Barberis 2013). In presenting more illustration regarding this particular aspect, Tversky and Kahneman focused on the number generated with the help of spinning wheel. The description of the anchoring and adjustment bias is somewhat associated with conspiracy theories. As per this theory specification, it can be stated that the mechanisms associated with anchoring and adjustment has been projecting the motivations onto others (Prooijen and Jostmann 2013). In such cases, both of the people have the feeling of sharing the similar preferences and motivations. In the year of 2011, Douglas and Sutton explained the further concept of projection by illustrating a fascinated discovery. More specifically, it has been seen that the people who are much fascinated by the conspiracy theories are usually willing to be involved in such conspiracies. On the other hand, Douglas and Sutton presented another elaboration. They explained that individuals are not fully aware of the preferences and motivations of other people (Sutton and Douglas 2014). However, usually these individuals predict such preferences by focusing on the goals, needs, and values in a proper setting. The projection of the personal needs and values onto others is also taken into consideration in such aspect (Wood, Douglas and Sutton 2012). Hence, if one needs to be conspired, they would wish others to be conspired as well. The conspiracy theory is thus endorsed by following such ways. Another component of cognitive biases is the Complexity Biases. In defining the concept, it was stated, Time pressure, information overload and other environmental factors can increase the perceived complexity of a task. It is to be indicated that many of the environmental forces have been influencing the decision quality in a negative way. The factors involved with such biases are affecting the decision biases more prominently. Johnson et al. (2013) notified that when the stress level aligned with the decision making process, the complexity bias. It is to be indicated that the major source of task stress is to face the extreme level of time pressure on decision-making aspect (Hilbert 2012). On the other hand, it is noted that the other factors associated with this segment is making a task stress more complex than the warranted volume of presented data. In specifying the market channels, it is usually seen that the decisions are made on daily basis and depends on the invested capital s. Kasprzyk et al. (2013) pointed out that decision is considered as the quicker approaches unlike the short-term scalp that lasts for some seconds and the swings for 2-3 days until it reaches to the extreme level of the potentiality. The relationship between the task stress and decision quality is known as Yerkes-Dodson Law. Figure 2: The Yerkes-Dodson Law The above figure is illustrating the linkage between the task stress and decision quality. In the year of 1908, Yerkes-Dodson described the law to define the perspectives (Corbett 2015). As per the specification of Yerkes-Dodson Law, it is noted that the task stress is helpful for making a decision related to any significant aspect. However, it is also to be indicated that extreme level of stress can equally drop the level of decision quality (Newell and Shanks 2014). In time of making any decision related to the trade, it is seen that people undergo an extreme level of pressure to conclude. In addition, if the information is overloaded and the environmental influences are present, the risks increase in a significant manner. Therefore, it is seen that the involvement of the complexity makes the decision negatively impacted. The major result behind such negative approaches in the decision-making process is stress (Orquin and Loose 2013). Hence, it can be inferred that the stress is on e of the major factors of Complexity Bias that hinders the success in the market in a very specific way. Coon and Mitterer (2007) commented on an observation of Yerkes-Dodson Law. They stated, Some examples of the Yerkes-Dodson law might be helpful. At a track meet, it is almost impossible for sprinters to get too aroused for a race. The task is direct and uncomplicated: Run as fast as you can for a short distance. On the other hand, a basketball player making a game-deciding free throw faces a more sensitive and complex task. Excessive arousal is almost certain to hurt his or her performance (Coon and Mitterer 2007). It is notified that the proactive trader is more fruitful than the reactive trader is since; the leader would undertake the less complex decision. The larger feature of the Yerkes-Dodson law should be accommodated with more strategies. In many of the cases, it is seen that the mechanical system traders are free from the stress since the actual decision is quantified and stress cannot manifest itself (Chaby et al. 2015). However, the discretionary traders are suspected to be more stressful and their decisions are spotted more specifically. In focusing on the law introduced by Robert Yerkes and John Dillingham Dodson, it was discovered that mild level of the electric shocks might motivate to complete a decision. Simultaneously, the increasing rate of the electric shocks might even create a situation of escaping. The wider experiments based on such aspect is implying that the extreme stress can be sometimes fruitful in making the decision-maker more attentive and motivated towards the responsibility (Sieber, O'Neil Jr and Tobias 2013). However, the limited point of stress level is considered in such cases. The anxiety faced by the students before exams are one of the most featured examples for defining the Yerkes-Dods on Law operations. The students can take the stress up to certain level, which is helpful for them to remember the syllabus they had studied for the exams. On the other hand, when the stress level increases, it would be difficult for them to recall the correct answers in the exam (Mellifont, Smith-Merry and Scanlan 2016). Similarly, another example can also be added in this regard. If one of the leaders of a team is asked to define a presentation in front of the higher authority, it sometimes makes them nervous. However, if they can take the limited stress, it would make them more attentive towards the responsibility. Simultaneously, when the stress limit crosses, they might face difficulties in providing some presentation in front of the higher authority. It is to be stated that the complexity bias is sometimes influenced by the complex environmental factors as well. (Quick et al. 2013) put forward the idea that the conditions of the natural environment usually auto-correlated or heterogeneous. In most of the cases, the decision rules are exploiting the statistical structure. In case of simplified environments, these decision rules are usually leading towards the apparent form of irrational behavior. In fact, the influence is often defining the contrast effects, intransitivity, pessimisms, and other biases (Mellifont, Smith-Merry and Scanlan 2016). The experiment is thus providing the complete picture of the decision bias and the effects of the increased stress level in the organizational context. The recognition of such different perspective values related to the complexity biases in decision-making is affecting the careers of the leaders in a very significant way. The theoretical perspectives will be analysed in this study to presen t the strengthened argument related to the subject matter. The frameworks will also be incorporated to clarify the theoretical analysis. The different examples based on the clear bonding between the decision quality and stresses have been determining the importance of changes. When such situational crisis arises, the employee need to consider the maintenance of these aspects to overcome the obstacles. De-biasing In considering the biases in the cognitive decision making process, the procedure of the de-biasing can also be referred accordingly. According to Arnott (1998), the de-biasing is the method of eliminating or reducing the biases related to the cognitive decision making strategies. It is notified that two types of the e-biasing approaches are needed to be achieved to eliminate the biases. Firstly, the development of the general framework for ensuring the cognitive change is needed to be applied to the biases (Chaby et al. 2015). Secondly, the development of the cognitive change strategies is needed to have the linkage with particular bias. These two approaches are completely justified with the development of DSS. In the year of 1990, Keren introduced a framework that signifies the de-biasing process in the medical perspectives. In the first place, he proposed to identify the nature and the existence of potential biases. Understanding the environment and the cognitive triggers of the b ias are included in this initial step (Mellifont, Smith-Merry and Scanlan2016). The consideration of the alternative means for eliminating or minimizing the biases is also approached. It is even required to monitor the effectiveness of selected techniques of de-biases. However, some of the negative influences are also assimilated in this particular concern. In describing the second stage, Keren differentiated this de-biasing technique with the procedural techniques. He implied that in some of the cases, the user is unaware of the problem structure and this is the reason behind the operation biases (Corbett 2015). In such scenario, it is required to derive the deeper understanding to restructure the problem statement by using the modified techniques. In fact, the user can even manipulate the internal structure of the task to understand the associated problem (Huber, Hill and Lenz 2012). It is to be noted that most of the de-biasing research is much influenced by the procedural nature , even though the modified structure is leading towards the efficient outcomes. In the year of 1982, Fischoff proposed an influential works on de-biasing. He presented a classification of a de-biasing method that is mainly focusing on the source of bias. It is noted that these identified sources are often associated with faulty tasks, faulty decision-makers, and mismatches between the tasks and the decision-makers (Orquin and Loose 2013). In the first section, the problems associated with the faulty task have been concerning that; the restructuring of the environmental task may create the significant impact on the decision biases. In supporting such view, another recommendation is also reflecting that the task environment is selected as an alternative method to de-bias the individual decision-maker (Power, Sharda and Burstein 2015). The role of the information system is much significant in this case since the restructuring tasks and processes are associated with the core activities of system designs and analysis (Chaby et al. 2015). More specifically, it can be indicated that the classifications of Fischhoff are mainly attracting the attention of the perfecting individuals. It thus can be assumed that the instead of the tasks, the decision maker is considered as the primary source of the biased judgment (Mellifont, Smith-Merry and Scanlan 2016). While in one hand, people lack of competences, the other people can even fail in spite of being competent on the other hand. The occurrence of the application error in the de-biasing strategy is needed to be aligned with the educational purposes of the decision-maker regarding to the decision task, decision rules, and relevant biases. On the other hand, the comprehension errors are more difficult to overcome in compare to the effects of the application errors. The strategy proposed by Fischhoff for overcoming such errors has been considered as the escalated design, which is evaluating the increasing level of the supports that is provided to the individuals (Commerford et al. 2014). These proposed escalations are included few basic steps, which are essentially needed to be concentrated. As opined by Miller et al. (2013), the first step is providing warning to the decision maker regarding the possibilities of bias, which is free from the nature descriptions. In the next step, the nature of the biases is described and this description is including the positive and the negative influences along with the strengths of the bias. Furthermore, another step is implicating that the necessity of providing feedbacks, which is personalizing the descriptions and warning of the biases (Chaby et al. 2015). In keeping concentration on such aspect, the reaction of the decision maker is needed to be concentrated to target the task. The next step is considering the extended training program facilitated by feedbacks, coaching, and discussions of the interventions. These factors are effective enough in overcoming the negtauve effects of biases. The third recognized category implied by Fischhoff is indicating the mismatch between task and decision maker (Sieber, O'Neil Jr and Tobias 2013). The application error mentioned by Tversky and Kahneman is determining the requisite cognitive skills, which are ineffectively applied in most of the cases. In focusing on these strategies, Evans also introduced several other strategies related to the de-biasing process in the year of 1989 (Quick et al. 2013). The proposed method of Evans was included with four major categories, such as education, redesign of the task environment, replacement, development of the decision support system, and training. However, the general de-biasing strategy is somewhat associated with the Lewin-Schein model of social change. The description of this model is provided further: The model of social change proposed by Lewin-Schein is focusing on the modified behavior of the people and this is divided into three specific stages. These three major steps are Refreeze, Unfreeze, and Change. Figure 3: Lewin-Scheins Model of Social Change The first stage is Unfreeze stage in which people get the feeling of changes and usually deal with several emotions. The emotional state is often associated with impatience, denial, doubts, and uncertainties. It is to be indicated that the business needs to disclose the state of affairs and accordingly needs to explain the forcefulness of such change process (Kasprzyk et al. 2013). In determining the result, it is to be noted that the employees who are much interested about the clear communication are much willing to accept the changes by eliminating the previous process (Commerford et al. 2014). During the implementation of this stage, the constructive process approaches are needed to be associated with the change process. The second stage is describing the Change, which is needed to be implemented within the short span of time. The time consumed in the change process is influencing the employees to get stick to the old habits and rituals. As stated by Arnott (2002), this particular stage is defined as the move stage, which causes movable affects within an organizational scenario. The vigorous actions against the implemented changes within a short span of time are making the employees more knowledgeable about the importance of changes (Orquin and Loose 2013). The final is Refreeze, which is determining the solidification of the changes. The completion of the implemented change is inclined the employees to revert them back to their old customs. In such cases, the employees are advised to make the required arrangements to carry out the evaluations, adjustments, and monitoring process. The new situation can be controlled if the employees can perform such sequential stages (Sutton and Douglas 2014) Simulta neously, the new situation can also be stabilized, which is necessary to make the employees realize that there is no turning back. It has been seen that eventually, the employees get accustomed with such new scenario and they are even provided with many of the advantages.The development of the Decision Support System requires the formulation of the framework that describes the development procedure of DSS. Figure 4: Model of DSS Development The DSS development model is divided into two different levels, such as major cycle level and development activity level. The above figure is attempting the realistic approaches associated with the realistic indication and it is quite schematics. In the first generation of the Decision Support System is reflecting the activities, which are overlapping the nature and time. This development procedure is associated with the system construction, designing, and use, which are featuring the rapid changes at the same time (Commerford et al. 2014). As per the specified process in the above figure, it is seen that the major cycles are aligned with several activities (Baumann et al. 2014). It is necessary to link the initiations with the analysis cycles by considering the planning and resourcing process. Moreover, this design links are ensuring the delivery cycles. It is to be indicated that the Decision Support System is usually feature the unconstructed decision, which is affecting the system requirements. The system analysis is helpful enough in adopting the evolutionary development strategy to ensure matches with the environment. In case of the initial version of the system, the clarifications of the functionality as well as the requirement are essential (Miller et al. 2013). The initiation cycles are considered as the unfreezing process, which is determining the idea about the importance of change. The realization is necessary for understanding the necessity of changes that are needed to be evaluated. On the other hand, the analysis cycles are associated with the diagnosis activity that develops the understanding of the decisions with the help of sufficient details (Power, Sharda and Burstein 2015). The final stage is delivery cycles, which are involved with the parallel application of the system construction, designs, and uses. Shaffer et al. 2016) implied that the decision support system is an integral part that is associated with the small-scale of information system. However, the implementation of such process cycles has been influencing the elimination of the decision biases. Conclusion The study is concluding with the featured recognition of the decision biases. It is to be indicated that the decision-making process is considered as one of the major responsibilities. The efficient decision-making process influences the organizational functionality and performance attributes. However, the leaders or the business dealers often face several ineffective biases while undertaking any relevant decision. The two of the major biases from the taxonomy of Arnott were selected in this study. The first biases have been focusing on anchoring and adjustments, which determines the initial focus on the first information. This information is received initially and the latter information is needed to be adjusted for making any decision. In such cases, the adjusting behavior is much prominent with the former decision making process and it tends towards the biases. The second component is featuring the complexity biases, which is focusing on the complex world of the business decisions. It has been seen that the environmental influences are substantiated with the decision making process, which is leading towards biases. The Yerkes-Dodson law has been focusing on the increasing rate of the stress level. Limited stress is good for being attentive towards the responsibility while extreme level of stress can lead towards acquiring the bias decisions. However, the featured processes of de-biasing are also reflecting the reduction of the stress level. The elimination of the biases is fruitful for improvising the organizational functionality. Accordingly, the development of the Decision Support System would be essential for determining the decreasing level of biases. Hence, the recognition of these beneficial skills will be determining the improvisation of the decision-making process within an organization. More specifically, it can be inferred that the identification of major biases can be fruitful enough in understanding the procedure of reducing such decision biases a nd improving the organizational functionality. Summary The featured forms of the decision-making process are required for the development of the organizational functionality. The study has been focusing on the decision biases that are associated within an organizational decision-making process. The collaboration of the psychological attributes is much prominent feature in such cases. The study attempts to provide the generalize idea of the Decision Support System, which is helpful enough in categorizing the diversified steps of decision-making process. The decision biases are somewhat associated with the mental behavior of the leader who is in charge of such decision-making aspects. Usually, the decision biases are leading towards acquiring the wrong decision. However, the study focuses on the diversified taxonomies related to the decision biases presented by David Arnott. The study has been focusing on two of these selected taxonomies. The study has been discussing about two types of the decision biases. The first one is Anchoring and A djusting, which is much depended on the initial information received for making any organizational decision. It has been seen that in the initial information, which is collected for coming to the conclusion. Once the anchor is set, the other information has to be adjusted accordingly in keeping focus on the previous decisions. Another component is used here and it is the Complexity Biases associated with the decision-making process. The Yerkes-Dodson Law is supporting the complexity biases. The law has been formulated to represent the linkage between stress task and decision quality. The next segment is associated with the implementation of de-biasing process. De-biasing process generally refers to the reduction or the elimination process of decision biases. The application of Lewin-Scheins Model of Social Change is indicating the skilful process of debiases. The development of the Decision Support System is also presented here for determining the mitigation of the decision making process. The applied Model of DSS Development is featuring different cycles, which are associated with the reduction of such problematic situation. However, the recognition of these segments would be fruitful enough for the organization to improvise the organizational performance. References Arnott, D. (2002). Decision biases and decision support systems development Melbourne, Australia: Decision Support Systems Laboratory, Monash University. Arnott, D., 1998. A Taxonomy of Decision Biases. School of Information Management Systems: Monash University, pp.4-10. Axelrod, R. ed., 2015.Structure of decision: The cognitive maps of political elites. Princeton university press. Barberis, N., 2013. The psychology of tail events: Progress and challenges.The American Economic Review,103(3), pp.611-616. Baumann, D.J., Fluke, J.D., Dalgleish, L. and Kern, H., 2014. The decision-making ecology. InFrom evidence to outcomes in child welfare: An international reader(pp. 24-40). Oxford University Press New York, NY. Betsch, T. and Haberstroh, S. eds., 2014.The routines of decision making. Psychology Press. Cen, L., Hilary, G. and Wei, K.J., 2013. The role of anchoring bias in the equity market: Evidence from analysts earnings forecasts and stock returns.Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis,48(1), pp.47-76. Chaby, L.E., Sheriff, M.J., Hirrlinger, A.M. and Braithwaite, V.A., 2015. Can we understand how developmental stress enhances performance under future threat with the Yerkes-Dodson law?.Communicative integrative biology,8(3), p.e1029689. Cheek, N.N. and Norem, J.K., 2016. Holistic thinkers anchor less: Exploring the roles of self-construal and thinking styles in anchoring susceptibility.Personality and Individual Differences. Commerford, B.P., Hatfield, R.C., Houston, R. and Mullis, C., 2014. Debiasing Auditor Judgments from the Influence of Information Foraging Behavior. Coon, D. and Mitterer, J. O. 2007. Introduction to psychology. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. Corbett, M., 2015. From law to folklore: work stress and the Yerkes-Dodson Law.Journal of Managerial Psychology,30(6), pp.741-752. Croskerry, P., 2013. From mindless to mindful practicecognitive bias and clinical decision making.N Engl J Med,368(26), pp.2445-2448. Croskerry, P., Singhal, G. and Mamede, S., 2013. Cognitive debiasing 1: origins of bias and theory of debiasing.BMJ quality safety,22(Suppl 2), pp.58-64. Croskerry, P., Singhal, G. and Mamede, S., 2013. Cognitive debiasing 2: impediments to and strategies for change.BMJ quality safety, pp.bmjqs-2012. Evans, J.S.B. and Stanovich, K.E., 2013. Dual-process theories of higher cognition advancing the debate.Perspectives on psychological science,8(3), pp.223-241. Goschke, T., 2014. Dysfunctions of decisionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ making and cognitive control as transdiagnostic mechanisms of mental disorders: advances, gaps, and needs in current research.International journal of methods in psychiatric research,23(S1), pp.41-57. Heath, L., Tindale, R.S., Edwards, J., Posavac, E.J., Bryant, F.B., Henderson-King, E., Suarez-Balcazar, Y. and Myers, J. eds., 2013.Applications of heuristics and biases to social issues(Vol. 3). Springer Science Business Media. Hilbert, M., 2012. Toward a synthesis of cognitive biases: how noisy information processing can bias human decision making.Psychological bulletin,138(2), p.211. Huber, G.A., Hill, S.J. and Lenz, G.S., 2012. Sources of bias in retrospective decision making: Experimental evidence on voters limitations in controlling incumbents.American Political Science Review,106(04), pp.720-741. Johnson, D.D., Blumstein, D.T., Fowler, J.H. and Haselton, M.G., 2013. The evolution of error: Error management, cognitive constraints, and adaptive decision-making biases.Trends in ecology evolution,28(8), pp.474-481. Kasprzyk, J.R., Nataraj, S., Reed, P.M. and Lempert, R.J., 2013. Many objective robust decision making for complex environmental systems undergoing change.Environmental Modelling Software,42, pp.55-71. Koch, A.J., DMello, S.D. and Sackett, P.R., 2015. A meta-analysis of gender stereotypes and bias in experimental simulations of employment decision making.Journal of Applied Psychology,100(1), p.128. Lee, K., Miller, S., Velasquez, N. and Wann, C., 2013. The effect of investor bias and gender on portfolio performance and risk.The International Journal of Business and Finance Research,7(1), pp.1-16. Meissner, P. and Wulf, T., 2013. Cognitive benefits of scenario planning: its impact on biases and decision quality.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,80(4), pp.801-814. Mellifont, D., Smith-Merry, J. and Scanlan, J.N., 2016. Pitching a YerkesDodson curve ball?: A study exploring enhanced workplace performance for individuals with anxiety disorders.Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health,31(2), pp.71-86. Miller, A.K., Markman, K.D., Wagner, M.M. and Hunt, A.N., 2013. Mental simulation and sexual prejudice reduction: The debiasing role of counterfactual thinking.Journal of applied social psychology,43(1), pp.190-194. Newell, B.R. and Shanks, D.R., 2014. Unconscious influences on decision making: A critical review.Behavioral and Brain Sciences,37(01), pp.1-19. Orquin, J.L. and Loose, S.M., 2013. Attention and choice: A review on eye movements in decision making.Acta psychologica,144(1), pp.190-206. Power, D.J., Sharda, R. and Burstein, F., 2015.Decision support systems. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Power, D.J., Sharda, R. and Burstein, F., 2015.Decision support systems. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Prooijen, J.W. and Jostmann, N.B., 2013. Belief in conspiracy theories: The influence of uncertainty and perceived morality.European Journal of Social Psychology,43(1), pp.109-115. Quick, J.C., Wright, T.A., Adkins, J.A., Nelson, D.L. and Quick, J.D., 2013. Preventive stress management: Challenge and opportunity. Shaffer, D.M., McManama, E., Swank, C., Williams, M. and Durgin, F.H., 2014. Anchoring in action: Manual estimates of slant are powerfully biased toward initial hand orientation and are correlated with verbal report.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance,40(3), p.1203. Shaffer, V.A., Focella, E.S., Scherer, L.D. and Zikmund-Fisher, B.J., 2016. Debiasing affective forecasting errors with targeted, but not representative, experience narratives.Patient Education and Counseling. Shapira, Z. and Shaver, J.M., 2014. Confounding changes in averages with marginal effects: How anchoring can destroy economic value in strategic investment assessments.Strategic Management Journal,35(10), pp.1414-1426. Sieber, J.E., O'Neil Jr, H.F. and Tobias, S., 2013.Anxiety, learning, and instruction. Routledge. Sutton, R.M. and Douglas, K.M., 2014. 14 Examining the monological nature of conspiracy theories.Power, Politics, and Paranoia: Why People are Suspicious of Their Leaders, p.254. Tamir, D.I. and Mitchell, J.P., 2013. Anchoring and adjustment during social inferences.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,142(1), p.151. Wood, M.J., Douglas, K.M. and Sutton, R.M., 2012. Dead and alive beliefs in contradictory conspiracy theories.Social Psychological and Personality Science,3(6), pp.767-773.

Teacher free essay sample

Many people have influenced me in my life but most of all, my former head teacher, Ms. Sabadel, has had the strongest influence on me and on my learning. As the year passed she changed the way in which I approach new challenges and that without understanding, nothing makes sense in life. And to understand, it requires me more than to read books I first met her when entering high school where she taught Hungarian literature. Ms. Sabadel was a typical Hungarian kind-looking young lady, dressed in a very classy ay. She only become or head teacher when we were at the 3rd year and from that point our student life completely changed. Those two last years were our best years. Ms. Sabadel was not only a teacher but she was about to became a professor of mental psychology that One of the reasons for I found her different from the rest of our professors was because I never felt like I was actually learning but gaining knowledge Just by listening to her lectures that were always full of thoughts and meaning. We will write a custom essay sample on Teacher or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I would lways leave the classroom. She has changed my attitude towards reading; I began to appreciate writers that I would never do before. She also paid attention to wider or view of literature by showing as some of contemporary literature, which was not part of the official curriculum, to give us a wider I did before. She taught more than literature, she mixed that with psychology and sociology. That was the point when my attention turned to these subjects and I have started to read more and more about psychology.

Free Essays on Kabuki

Kabuki is one of Japan's traditional theatrical arts. Its inception goes back to the latter part of the 16th century and, with extensive and continuous evolution, it has flourished and remains a very popular dramatic art form in Japan drawing large audiences across the country. During the period generally referred to as the Edo Era, during which much of the development of kabuki took place, distinction between the warrior class and the commoners was more rigidly observed than at any other time in Japan's history. The art of kabuki was cultivated mainly by the merchants in those days. They had be come increasingly powerful economically, but had to remain socially inferior as they belonged to the commoner class. To them kabuki was perhaps most significant as the artistic means by which to express their emotions under such conditions. Thus, the fundamental themes of kabuki plays are conflicts between humanity and the feudalistic system. It is largely due to this humanistic quality of the art that it gained such an enduring popularity among the general public of those days and remains this way today. A unique feature of the kabuki art is the fact that it has no actresses whatsoever. All female parts are played by male impersonators known as onnagata. The players of the kabuki drama in its primitive stage were principally women, and with the increasing popularity of kabuki, many of the actresses began to attract undue attention from male admirers. The authorities felt that this would lead to a serious demoralization of the public and in 1629 the theatrical appearance of women was officially banned. However, since kabuki as an art form was already accepted by the public, men immediately took over and have continued performing to the present. The ban on actresses was in effect for about 250 years. In the mean time kabuki brought to perfection the art of the onnagata. As a result, there was no room for actresses in kabuki whe... Free Essays on Kabuki Free Essays on Kabuki Kabuki is one of Japan's traditional theatrical arts. Its inception goes back to the latter part of the 16th century and, with extensive and continuous evolution, it has flourished and remains a very popular dramatic art form in Japan drawing large audiences across the country. During the period generally referred to as the Edo Era, during which much of the development of kabuki took place, distinction between the warrior class and the commoners was more rigidly observed than at any other time in Japan's history. The art of kabuki was cultivated mainly by the merchants in those days. They had be come increasingly powerful economically, but had to remain socially inferior as they belonged to the commoner class. To them kabuki was perhaps most significant as the artistic means by which to express their emotions under such conditions. Thus, the fundamental themes of kabuki plays are conflicts between humanity and the feudalistic system. It is largely due to this humanistic quality of the art that it gained such an enduring popularity among the general public of those days and remains this way today. A unique feature of the kabuki art is the fact that it has no actresses whatsoever. All female parts are played by male impersonators known as onnagata. The players of the kabuki drama in its primitive stage were principally women, and with the increasing popularity of kabuki, many of the actresses began to attract undue attention from male admirers. The authorities felt that this would lead to a serious demoralization of the public and in 1629 the theatrical appearance of women was officially banned. However, since kabuki as an art form was already accepted by the public, men immediately took over and have continued performing to the present. The ban on actresses was in effect for about 250 years. In the mean time kabuki brought to perfection the art of the onnagata. As a result, there was no room for actresses in kabuki whe... Free Essays on Kabuki While reading the short story â€Å"Flower-Eating Crone† by Enchi Fumiko, the one obstacle that I had with the text dealt with the Kabuki theatre. I kept wondering what the Kabuki theatre was all about, since it was mentioned throughout the story. I have very little experience with Japanese culture, so I thought it would be a good idea to see what exactly the Kabuki theatre entails. I feel this topic is significant because it seems like Kabuki theatre plays a major role in the Japanese culture. I feel the following information would only enhance a reader’s understanding of this story if they actually knew a little background on the aesthetics of the Kabuki theatre. I’m going to give a brief explanation about certain key aspects of the Kabuki theatre and these aspects are the background, repertoire, the aesthetic elements, the stage, and finally the actors. Kabuki theatre is one of Japan’s traditional theatrical art programs. The Kabuki theatre started around the 16th century in the period known as the Edo Era century. This was the period in which Kabuki developed the most. The merchant class was the class that did most of the groundwork for the Kabuki theatre. To the commoners Kabuki theatre was a way to express their emotions about their living conditions. (i.g. social class difference). The feudalistic system and conflicts between humanity are the two main themes that are found throughout each play. This form of theatre is constantly evolving and making changes for the better. Kabuki theatre does have a big following among the Japanese. The thing about Kabuki theatre that amazed me the most is the fact the males play both female and male roles. Yes this means that there are no female actresses in Kabuki theatre. These males are known as onnagata. The use of woman was banned in 1629 in order to protect the public from demoralization. Kabuki theatre has a huge repertoire of around 300 plays. This number is s... Free Essays on Kabuki Japan’s dances and dramas as they are seen today contain 1300 years of continuous uninterrupted history. This prodigious feat of conservation, theatrically speaking, makes Japan an extraordinary and unique country. In all of Asia, where tradition generally is sanctified and change eschewed, Japan stands as the only country whose theatre is its entirety has never suffered an eclipse nor undergone any drastic revivification or renovation. The most traditional form of Japanese theatre is kabuki. Its origin goes back to the latter part of the 16th century and, with extensive and continuous evolution, it has now been perfected into a state of classical refinement. Though not as flourishing as it once was, the kabuki theatre retains wide popularity among the people, and is in fact drawing quite large audiences even now. During the period generally referred to as the Edo Era, during which much of the development of kabuki took place, distinctions between the warrior class and the commoners was more rigidly observed than at any other time in Japan's history. Mainly the merchants cultivated the art of kabuki in those days. They had become increasingly powerful economically, but had to remain socially inferior as they belonged to the commoner class. To them kabuki was most significant as the artistic means by which to express their emotions under the prevailing conditions. Thus, the fundamental themes of kabuki plays are conflicts between humanity and the feudalistic system. It is largely due to this humanistic quality of the art that it gained such an enduring popularity among the general public of those days and remains this way today. A unique feature of the kabuki art, and possibly the most significant detail and in keeping with the kabuki spirit of unusualness, is the fact that it has no actresses whatsoever (Bowers 325). Male impersonators known as onnagata play all female parts. The players of the kabuki drama in its primitive stage...

Comparative Correlative - Definition and Examples

Comparative Correlative s In grammar, a comparative correlative is a minor sentence pattern containing two corresponding phrases or clauses, each one headed by the and expressing a comparative: the X-er . . . the X-er or the X-er . . . the Y-er. The comparative correlative is also known as the correlative construction, the conditional comparative, or the the . . . the construction. Grammatically, the comparative correlative is a type of paired construction; rhetorically, the comparative correlative is often (but not always) a type of parison. Common Comparative Correlative Expressions The greater the risk, the greater the return.The harder you work, the harder it is to surrender.(American football coach Vince Lombardi)The deeper our sorrows, the louder well singLife is pure adventure, and the sooner we realize that, the quicker we will be able to treat life as art.(Maya Angelou, Wouldnt Take Nothing for My Journey Now. Random House, 1993)The more we do, the more we can do; the more busy we are, the more leisure we have.(William Hazlitt, The Spirit of the Age, 1825)The older the men are here, the more likely it is that they are wearing suits and ties.(John McPhee, Giving Good Weight. Giving Good Weight. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1979)The more you tighten your grip, Tarkin, the more star systems will slip through your fingers.(Carrie Fisher as Princess Leia Organa in Star Wars, 1977)The less we deserve good fortune, the more we hope for it.(Seneca)The greater your achievements, the less satisfactory your personal and domestic life will be.(Saul Bellow, More Die of Heartbreak. William Morrow, 1987) The more you pay attention to the richness of the world, the more you allow your interest to be absorbed by things outside of you, the more interesting a person you will become. And the more you pay attention to the world outside you, the more it gives back: by a kind of miracle, it will become a more interesting place.(Barbara Baig, How to Be a Writer: Building Your Creative Skills Through Practice and Play. Writers Digest Books, 2010) 'The More the Merrier' This construction - schematically [the X-er the Y-er] - is commonly referred to as the correlative construction (Culicover 1999: 83-5); Culicover and Jackendoff 1999; Fillmore, Kay, and OConnor 1988). It conveys that any increase (or decrease) in the value of X is associated with, and may even be construed as the cause of, an increase (or decrease) in the value of Y. A notable feature of the construction is the fact that the word the which features in it is not a determiner and is therefore not to be identified with the definite article the. Some instantiations of the construction: (16a) The more I know the more I worry.(16b) The less they have to say the more they talk.(16c) The bigger they are the harder they fall.(16d) The earlier you start the more you chance you have of being successful.(16e) The bigger the risk the bigger the payout.(16f) The less said the better. It is also worth noting that although the correlative construction is highly unusual, given the general principles of English syntax, it is not totally isolated from the rest of the language. There are, in fact, quite a few bipartite expressions in which the first element is presented as the cause, precondition, or explanation for the second. Like the correlative construction, these expressions lack a finite verb. Here are some examples: (17a) Garbage in, garbage out.(17b) Out of the frying pan (and) into the fire.(17c) Easy come, easy go.(17d) Cold hands, warm heart.(17e) Once bitten, twice shy.(17f) Out of sight, out of mind.(17g) Once a whinger, always a whinger.*(17h) One for me (and) one for you.(17i) First come, first served.(17j) Nothing ventured, nothing gained. * This expression instantiates the construction [ONCE A N, ALWAYS A N]. Examples from the BNC [British National Corpus] include once a Catholic, always a Catholic; once a Russian, always a Russian; once a misfit, always a misfit; once a dealer, always a dealer. The construction conveys that a person is not able to change their personality or their entrenched behaviour.(John R. Taylor, The Mental Corpus: How Language is Represented in the Mind. Oxford University Press, 2012) The . . . the (129) The more John eats the less he wants.This construction . . . is composed of two phrases, each of which expresses a comparative. Both may be of the form the more XP... , in which case the first is interpreted as a subordinate clause and the second as a main clause. Or, the first clause can simply contain a comparative, e.g. John wants less, in which case the first clause is interpreted as the main clause and the second is interpreted as a subordinate clause.Of particular relevance to the present discussion is the fact that the internal structure of the more . . . is sui generis, in the sense that the learner must simply acquire the knowledge that an expression of this form can be used in the way that we have described. As shown by Culicover and Jackendoff (1998), the more functions as an operator that binds a variable, and the chain that is formed is subject to the usual locality constraints. The form the more . . . must be initial in the clause, and cannot pied pipe a preposit ion...(Peter W. Culicover, Syntactic Nuts: Hard Cases, Syntactic Theory, and Language Acquisition. Oxford University Press, 1999) The Little Word 'the' (6) The more a student studies, the better grades she will receive.In English, both the first phrase and the second phrase obligatorily begin with the little word the. The unacceptability of (7a) is due to the absence of the in the first clause, in (7b) in the second clause, in (7c), the absence of the in both clauses unsurprisingly also results in unacceptability. (7a) * More a student studies, the better grades she will receive.(7b) * The more a student studies, better grades she will receive.(7c) * More a student studies, better grades she will receive. (Ronald P. Leow, Little Words: Their History, Phonology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics, and Acquisition. Georgetown University Press, 2009)

Test Scores and Housing Costs by Motoko Rich Essay - 80

Test Scores and Housing Costs by Motoko Rich - Essay Example As the paper highlights schools that do not perform well on state tests will likely have a cheaper cost of living in the surrounding areas. This is because the demand is not so high for these schools and so house prices remain relatively low in order to encourage people to buy houses. Other factors of course play a role, such as poverty, but poor quality of housing is a major contributor towards academic performance. This paper declares that in looking at the reasons why housing prices and education are linked, there can be two ways to describe it: either low cost housing contributes to poor academic performance or low education results in cheaper housing. The most obvious choice would seem to be the first one, but studies say otherwise. Jonathon Rothwell, a senior research analyst in the Metropolitan Policy Program at Brookings, mentions that it has been proved that when students from poor backgrounds attend schools with students from more affluent backgrounds their educational performance improves as a result. This suggests that academic performance rests solely on the performance of teachers and not due to economic background. However, teachers likely choose to teach at schools in close proximity to where they live, so the better teachers will prefer to teach where the standard of living is higher.  In looking at the reasons why housing prices and education are linked, there can be two ways to describe it: either low cost housing contributes to poor academic performance or low education results in cheaper housing.  

Influence Of Obstruction On Fire Protection Operations Essay

Influence Of Obstruction On Fire Protection Operations - Essay Example Prevention of fire out brake start with the identification of the fire hazards. First to prevent fire outbreaks, accumulation of combustible waste materials should be prohibited around fire places. When these materials are allowed to accumulate around the locations with fire the then the risk of fire is increased. Under favourable environment, the build-up of dust fire very flammable materials like woods, plastics or even certain metal operations can cause explosion of fire very easily. Construction debris should be disposed of properly so as to eliminate the chances of fire out breaks. There should be a safe clearance that exist between ignition sources for example light fixtures, heaters and any other device that is producing flame should be properly maintained. Fire rated doors are mostly found at any opening to corridors, stairwells, storage rooms and even electrical equipment rooms. Trying to block the fire rated doors may allow fire and smoke to spread very quickly through the building block and may deny occupant an opportunity to quickly evacuate the room during fire outbreak(Morten, Glaso, Stig, Eid, & Einarsen, 2013). These fire and smoke rated doors are only allowed to be propped open only at the time of maintenance and housekeeping operations when the attendance is available. It is prudent to have fire and smoke rated doors that are well equipped with a self-closing devices that are internally installed so as to prevent fire from spreading in the whole building.

Why is soledad relevant to Of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

Why is soledad relevant to Of Mice and Men Essay Soledad derives from the word Solitude, a state of social isolation. It is the situation/state of being alone. Loneliness is defined as an emotional state in which a person (or animal) experiences an immense feeling of emptiness and isolation. Loneliness and isolation is a theme that is reflected constantly throughout Of Mice and Men such as; the characters, in the minor actions that the characters pursue, in this case, when the men play solitaire, and also the settings which are described to us that give us the idea of loneliness. The characters in Of Mice and Men experience loneliness in various ways to each other through the story. Many of the men who work at the ranch travel alone besides George and Lennie. This makes the other men curious yet also suspicious of their motives. Many of the workmen and characters at the ranch can be seen as lonely in the way that they are separated from their families and civilisation, however, the characters which are the main victims of loneliness in Of Mice and Men are Curley’s wife, George and Crooks. John Steinbeck portrays Curley’s Wife as the only female on the ranch and gives the reader a description to identify her with ‘Full, rouged lips and wide-spaced eyes, heavily made up. Her fingernails were red’ (Page 32), Steinbeck presents her as a beautiful young woman who is especially appealing to the men at the ranch. As we progress in the book we find that one of the men Whit explains, â€Å"I never seen nobody like her. She got the eye goinà ¢â‚¬â„¢ all the time on everybody. I bet she even gives the stable buck the eye. I don’t know what the hell she wants† (Page 51). It is soon discovered that Curley’s Wife is always looking for Curley and he is always looking for her. However this is just her alibi so that she can go around the ranch trying to talk to all the men and get their attention, which she doesn’t get from Curley. The men however are cautious of her as Curley is very aggressive and uneasy when anyone talks to his wife or when she talks to anyone at the ranch. So what happens when Lennie, who has been told not to talk or say anything to anybody at the ranch, begins to communicate with Curley’s Wife, an attractive, manipulative and lonesome woman. It is obvious that the worst is going to occur when this occurrence takes place (Lennie and Curley’s Wife talking), as Curley is already suspicious of him and George, and George has specifically told Lennie not to communicate with anyone because of recent bad events. Lennie said to Curley’s Wife as they sit alone in the barn, , â€Å"No, sir. I ain’t gon na talk to you or nothing† (Page 85), as the conversation goes on Curley’s Wife says, â€Å"Why can’t I talk to you? I never get to talk to nobody. I get awful lonely.† Lennie replies to this situation the only way he knows how, â€Å"Well, I ain’t supposed to talk to you or nothing.† â€Å"I get lonely† Curley’s Wife said. â€Å"You can talk to people, but I can’t talk to nobody but Curley. Else he gets mad. How’d you like not to talk to anybody?† (Page 85). Curley’s Wife being the only female on the ranch and with the restricted communication shared with any other humans on the ranch, was just trying to get the attention she believes she deserved and of course needed, so that she would not feel the loneliest and emptiest she has been ever since she married Curley. Although George travels with Lennie, he is emotionally and socially alone. George’s partner Lennie is mentally slow, meaning that communication between the two men is very frustrating as Lennie does not understand George and George is constantly annoyed at the sheer fact that Lennie isn’t very bright, continuously maki ng mistakes which get them into trouble. â€Å"An’ whatta I got,† George went on furiously. â€Å"I got you! You can’t keep a job and you loose me ever’ job I get. Jus’ keep me shovin’ all over the country all the time. An’ that ain’t the worst. You get in trouble. You do bad things and I got to get you out.† His voice rose nearly to a shout. â€Å"You crazy son-of-a-bitch. You keep me in hot water all the time.† (Page 13) George is always taking his anger out on Lennie by yelling at him as he believes this is the way it will get through to Lennie but this does not prevail and leaves George angrier than when he began shouting at Lennie. As this reoccurring annoyance towards Lennie happens even at the ranch it is acknowledged by one character; Crooks talks to Lennie in the barn, â€Å"Sometimes he talks, and you don’t know what the hell he’s talkin’ about. Ain’t that so?† (Page 69). George has no other friendship with anybody else, as he travels alone in life except for one disturbance, Lennie. As ill-fated as it is, Lennie is seen as a disturbance and obstruction to George. Even though Lennie may be very handy, he’s neither bright nor intelligent. In realism, it appears as though George himself is trying to escape the feeling of emptiness and the reality of loneliness. However he just finds himself unable to bond with Lennie in any way, leaving him trying to play his one man game with his unfortunate hindrance partner. Crooks, the stable barn, who lives in a small shed that leads off from the barn is exposed to loneliness as he keeps to himself in his small and deserted room. ‘Scattered about the floor were a number of personal possessions; for being alone, crooks could leave his things about.’ (Page 66). When first describing Crooks, the author puts and underlying message in our head of loneliness as to show us that this is one of the most important themes which is rampant throughout Of Mice and Men. Crooks faces loneliness and partly shelters himself to isolation due to prejudice from the people around him. He believes everyone is against him because he is a ‘negro’ however this may not always be the case, he just keeps to himself so that he doesn’t have to deal with getting grief off any of the other men, especially Curley. As a result of this, Crooks, Curley’s Wife and George may all be lonely in different ways to each other, and the other men, however, they all feel emptiness and it appears like they are all playing their own game each as a solitary individual man (or woman). A game played regularly by the men, George in particular, is Solitaire. This game is always played by one person which can be very relevant in the story Of Mice and Men when Steinbeck is reflecting to us the idea of loneliness. When George plays the game of solitaire he does this alone like he is playing his own game doing it the way he wants to. But in reality, he is always stuck with Lennie. This is just a way of getting away from the fact that Lennie is bringing him down, so that he can play his own game not constantly having to deal with the obstruction of his partner. This game is also the foreshadowing of loneliness, to show us that when George must shoot Lennie, he has been destined to be alone, alike to the other characters. Even when he had Lennie he felt alone, and now without even a companionship he is still alone, playing his own solitary game of life. The game solitaire is a very structured game, ‘George laid out his deliberate solitaire hand – seven cards, and six on top, and five on top of those’ (Page 52). George may relate the game to how he would like his life to be. A structure set out with some outcomes relying on fate, but an independent game played by one individual. On the whole, the game of solitaire foreshadows loneliness mainly through the character of George but also through the minor actions of the other workmen at the ranch. The ranch is set a few miles from Soledad, California and is geographically isolated from other human contact, except for the workmen and Curley’s wife who also live on the premises of the ranch. The feeling of isolation is immediately set upon us as Steinbeck produces a description to collate a picture and collect evidence that the characters are bound to be lonely at the ranch. On the ranch there are only a few small places where the characters spend their time when they are not working. The bunkhouse is a very plain room where the workmen sleep, this is where George and Lennie have a few private conversations, along with other events such as the argument over candy’s dog, the game of solitaire being played and the deep conversations between George and fellow worker Slim. Crooks isn’t welcome in the bunkhouse by the other men and this becomes clear when Crooks says to Lennie in his barn, â€Å"I ain’t wanted in the bunkhouse, and you ain’t wanted in my room† (Page 68). Crooks lives in a small room off the barn where he keeps to himself, having little or no communication with anyone unless it is to do his job as the stable buck. When Lennie, and then soon after Candy, enter his room, Crooks is setback but still very suspicious of why they are bothering him, he tries to hide his confusion and maybe even contentment with anger, although Steinbeck says ‘It was difficult for crooks to conceal his pleasure with anger’ (Page 74). His room is very isolated from the other people on the ranch which leaves him lonely all the time. Another setting in the story that is mostly remote is the barn. The only people who visit the barn are Lennie, when he is petting his pup, and Curley’s Wife when she takes shade in there as it is cool. The barn is secluded to the other places on the ranch in that when Curley’s Wife screamed for help due to the actions Lennie had taken, her cries were too distant that none of the other men could hear her. This shows us that the author has even included the theme of loneliness and especially isolation when the different settings in Of Mice and Men where analysed. To summarise, Steinbeck has incorporated Loneliness as one of the many themes into the story, Of Mice and Men, in many different ways. These are, firstly in the name, as Soledad means Solitude which can also mean Loneliness. Also through the characters, such as their motives, way of life and personalities. The game solitaire is another representation and foreshadow of Loneliness as this is a game that the characters play, especially George, as an individual, solitary, man, which in reality he is not. Lastly, the settings, in and around the ranch such as the bunkhouse, the barn and Crooks’ room all relate to isolation and loneliness as this is where many acts of the idea surrounding loneliness take place and progress through the story. John Steinbeck has sufficiently and broadly shown us how the theme and idea of Loneliness flows throughout his book ‘Of Mice and Men’.

The Hobbit - The Motivation Of Lust :: essays research papers

Anyone who had something of great value stolen from him would try to get it back. Even if that person had to go to high risks to reclaim what was theirs. In the book The Hobbit, a hobbit named Bilbo Baggins, a wizard named Gandalf, and thirteen dwarves have to get back their lost treasure that a character named Smaug stole. To reclaim their treasure they have to travel a long distance to the Lonely Mountain where Smaug is hiding . Throughout their journey they encounter many life-hindering experiences. Dangers and obstacles pop up everywhere. The reason why this group goes to such great lengths to get their treasure is because of one reason, which is their motivation of lust. Lust created the conflict in this story. The conflict is the most important literary element because it directly affects everyone in the story. There are many conflicts, but the main one is between the dwarves and their lust for their lost treasure that Smaug has stolen. This conflict creates the basis for the story. Plus, there were conflicts added on because of this main conflict. Their journey to the Lonley Mountain consisted of one conflict after another. Even though the conflicts on their journey are not as important as the main conflict, they are what make this book interesting. Tolkien's choice of the main conflict is not the most creative. It is based upon the traditional story of "going out and taking back what is yours." If I had to choose something I didn't like about the book, it would be this simple plot. It is a good thing he added such adventurous conflicts to this story, otherwise it would not be a good piece of literature. Through the conflicts in this story, the author has a lesson for the reader. The lesson is if one wants something bad enough, he must be ready to suffer the consequences. To claim the treasure the group has to go through a lot. Some examples of this are being abducted by an army of goblins, being captured by giant spiders, and being captured by woodland elves. If a person has a goal for himself, he too will have to go through hard times. The only way the group succeeded is by having lust and pride drive them on. A person with a goal must also have something to drive him towards his goal. Lust is what carrys them to their goal.

How free were blacks in the north Essay

Blacks weren’t as free as people made them out to be, they still had restrictions. I am writing this to make it clear that blacks weren’t absolutely free in the north; they still had rules and weren’t treated equally. If you look at the years between 1800 and 1860 you will see how free they were freer when they were slaves. In this essay I will be addressing the different kind of rights, such as social freedom, the black church, Political and Judicial rights, and education and jobs. Blacks in the North had freedoms and restrictions some of the restrictions and freedoms in social freedom are discussed below. Charles Mackay stated in his travels, â€Å"We shall not buy nor sell him†. Now this may sound like a good thing, and maybe it is but right after that he stated, â€Å"We shall not associate with him†. The white northerners didn’t want to have anything to do with the black society. He said for the white society to let the black man know his place and keep it. Even though they weren’t being sold and bought they still had rules to follow. They were free enough to not be bought and sold like cattle, but was not free enough to dwell with white northerners and this is why I think it is the most important issue at hand. In this paragraph I chose to address Document D; Black Church. In this document it’s a photograph that shows black people congregating and worshiping at a black church. The church was more than just a place to worship, they ran a literary club, Sunday school, published a newspaper, hosted abolitionist meetings, and provided a refuge for fugitive slaves. The church was like an escape for black people. Although they didn’t have much to work with they made it work. In my opinion that’s what made them free to me. According to the document note, the three services provided by the black church before the civil, to fight for social causes such as voting rights, temperance and abolition. Even if the church was just a barn or shack they made it possible to worship and be religiously free in their own way. I go further into the DBQ packet to address political and judicial rights.

Is Playing Computer Games Really That Bad for You Essay

Anyone who has really been into video games has experienced this. Kids and adults alike think about getting home and playing games. They also spend a great deal of time reading gaming magazines, participating in online gaming forums, looking for future game releases, and of course, spending countless hours playing games. When they aren’t doing any of these things, they’re wishing they were. 2. Video Games Can Be Expensive It cost a lot of money to stay current with the latest video games and hardware (console and/or computer). Many gamers spend all of their money on gaming. For example, it’s not uncommon for a gamer to have 50-100 games that cost $40-$50 each. They also often have at least 2 different game consoles and 1 high-end PC. This can easily add up to thousands of dollars a year to maintain a typical gamer’s habits. 3. Video Games Can Hurt Relationships There’s often a direct correlation with the amount of time spent playing video games, and the amount of time spent engaging in a quality relationship. In the most extreme example I could find, there was a couple that was so consumed with playing video games that they ended up neglecting their 3 children — to the point that they were malnourished, naked, and covered in their own feces. Although that’s an extreme case, I still think there’s something to be said about people who spend the majority of their free time playing video games. My guess is that they’re probably not dating or pursuing a meaningful relationship in their free time. Update: A reader brought to my attention an online group dedicated to loved ones who have been affected by their partner’s addiction to World of WarCraft (WoW). Their description includes the following Do you have a loved one that plays World of Warcraft so much that you feel like you are a widow? This group isn’t just for wives, but for anyone, husbands, girl or boyfriends, mothers, fathers, sons or daughters, or anyone that has had a relationship effected by this addictive game. 4. Video Games Can Be Distracting Avid gamers are similar to people who smoke a lot of marijuana — in that they don’t get much done. Reading a good book, taking care of bills, writing an article, inventing something, mowing the lawn, etc†¦ are simply not a priority when it comes to getting to the next level or finishing a game. Many gamers have things they would like to do in life, but they never get around to it, because they spend so much of their time playing games. Then, when they do have time to work on one of their projects, they’re too tired to do it, because they stayed up till 3am playing a game. 5. Video Games Can Rob You Of Real Life Experiences Instead of taking a trip, mountain biking, or hanging out with friends at a cafe, gamer’s spend their time in a virtual reality. Whereas real life experiences bear long lasting friendships and memories, videos games do not. The only pictures that come from video games are screenshots, and the memories that are created from playing those games are ultimately meaningless. Living means interacting, growing, learning, teaching, and loving — none of which can be accomplished in the virtual wasteland of video games. †  The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright  © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Informative Speech Topics

Informative Speech Topics Very often your professor gives you an assignment to write or make a speech or presentation. In this case – it is up to you to pick an appropriate speech topic, and make sure you are heard. In order to do this – you have to be prepared and write something new, fresh and original. Here is a list of topic you can choose from, when you have to prepare an informative speech topic: General topic: Why truth matters in every aspect of life. The importance of giving a good speech The importance on healthcare Society division, the pros and cons of it Corruption in the government. Computerization and virtual life. Modern technologies which touch each and every aspect of life The difference between life now and then You can also inform the audience on the life of a famous great person. Here are informative speech paper topics: Winston Churchill Barack Obama George W Bush – the worst president ever Ronald Regan Joan of Arc Nelson Mandela If you have something interesting on some important events from the fast – you can choose that informative speech topic as well. For example: The World War I, and it’s influence on the American society The rise of Nazism The famine in USSR in the 30s The American civil war The rise and destruction of the Roman Empire There are numerous books, movies which you can write an interesting informative speech topic, such as: William Shakespeares Much ado about nothing The movie Fahrenheit 911 The influence of the movie Boys in da hood on an average African American Little women Or you can choose an informative speech paper topic based on real today life: Music which is worth listening to The lyrics of the song which amazed me The controversy of Tupac Shakur and his lyrics How would I react on a conflict with my employer A good and easy way to pass the exams My ideas on todays advertising and marketing You need to choose an informative speech topic which is most relevant to the class you are taking. You need to show your professor – the way you apply the knowledge he has given you during class. And also stress your paper on the importance of studying and speech management.

The Consequences of the Norman Conquest

The Consequences of the Norman Conquest William of Normandy’s success in the Norman Conquest of 1066, when he seized the crown from Harold II, used to be credited with bringing in a host of new legal, political and social changes to England, effectively marking 1066 as the start of a new age in English history. Historians now believe the reality is more nuanced, with more inherited from the Anglo-Saxons, and more developed as a reaction to what was happening in England, rather than the Normans simply recreating Normandy in their new land. Nevertheless, the Norman Conquest still bought many changes. The following is a list of the major effects. Anglo-Saxon elites, the largest landholders in England, were replaced by Franco-Normans. Those Anglo-Saxons nobles who had survived the battles of 1066 had the chance to serve William and retain power and land, but many rebelled over contentious issues, and soon William had turned away from compromise to importing loyal men from the continent. By William’s death, the Anglo-Saxon aristocracy was all but replaced. In the Domesday book of 1086, there are only four large English landowners. However, there may only have been around 25,000 Franco-Normans out of a population of two million when William died. There was not a massive importation of a new Norman population, just the people at the top.Much of the upper reaches of church government was replaced. By 1087, eleven of fifteen bishops were Norman, and only one of the other four was English. The church had power over people and land, and now William had power over them.Castles: Anglo-Saxons did not, in general, build castles, a nd the Normans started a huge building program in order to help secure their power. The most common early type was wooden, but stone followed. The castle building habits of the Normans has left a mark on England still visible to the eye (and the tourist industry is thankful for it.) The importance of receiving land from a lord in return for loyalty and service grew enormously under the Normans, who created a system of land tenure unmatched in Europe. Quite how homogenous this system was (probably not very), and whether it can be called feudal (probably not) are still being discussed. Before the conquest, Anglo-Saxons owed an amount of service based on regularized units of land holding; afterward, they owed service based entirely on the settlement they had achieved with their overlord or the king.The idea that a person held two types of land – his ‘patrimony’ / family land which he had inherited, and his extended lands which he had conquered – and the idea that these lands could go to different heirs, came into England with the Normans. Familial relationships, of heirs to parents, changed as a result.The links between Scandinavia and England were deeply severed. Instead, England was brought closer to events in France and this region of the continent, leading to the Angevin Empire and then the Hundred Years War. Before 1066 England had seemed destined to stay in the orbit of Scandinavian, whose conquerors had taken hold of large chunks of the British Isles. After 1066 England looked south. Increased use of writing in government. While the Anglo-Saxons had written some things down, Anglo-Norman government vastly increased it.After 1070, Latin replaced English as the language of government.The power of the earls was reduced after Anglo-Saxon rebellions. Earls now held less land, with correspondingly reduced wealth and influence.Royal forests, with their own laws, were created.Higher taxes: most monarchs are criticized for heavy taxes, and William I was no exception. But he had to raise funds for the occupation and pacification of England.A new court, known as the Lords, honourial or seigniorial, was created. They were held, as the name suggests, by lords for their tenants, and have been called a key part of the â€Å"feudal† system.Murdrum fines: if a Norman was killed, and the killer not identified, the entire English community could be fined. That this law was needed perhaps reflects on the problems faced by the Norman raiders.Trial by battle was introduced.Ther e was a large decline in the numbers of free peasants, who were lower class workers who could quit their land in search of new landlords. Far more English land was given to continental monasteries, to hold as ‘alien priories’, then before the Norman Conquest. Indeed, more monasteries were founded in England.Continental architecture was imported en mass. Every major Anglo-Saxon cathedral or abbey, apart from Westminster, was rebuilt bigger and more fashionably. Parish churches were also widely rebuilt in stone.