Quality In Internet Operations Department In Etisalat Information Technology Essay

Quality In Internet Operations Department In Etisalat Information Technology Essay Internet Operations Department in Etisalat spent a lot of time and effort on the quality of its process in order to reach and achieve a recognized international IT management standard such as SunTone Certification. The research shows the process of work developed in the department in order to achieve the SunTone Certification and to be aligned with ITIL international standard in three major responsibilities are: incident management, problem management and change management. Introduction: Quality became an important business issue due to the increase in competitiveness in world markets. The total quality management (TQM) approach introduced by W. Edwards Deming used by several organizations in the world to improve their operations and the processes used in all functional areas of their organizations. The basis of TQM is to reduce the errors produced during the manufacturing or service process, increase customer satisfaction and improve product/service quality, productivity, and competitiveness by improving communications with stakeholders (customers, suppliers, employees, shareholders and society). The application of TQM can vary from business to business, even across the same industry. Etisalat has a great initiative to introduce quality and get several quality certifications for most of its operational processes. Internet Operations Department worked on the last few years to develop its quality based on the appropriate quality standards and got the ISO9001 certificate as well as the SunTone certification, which I am going to concentrate on in this research. Etisalat is the only service provider in the Middle East to achieve Sun Microsystems elite SunTone certification for Internet Operations which offers internal external hosting and data centre solutions. According to Mr. Ali AlSharhan (EVP/IT Etisalat) The SunTone certification certifies our service delivery in areas such as architecture, implementation and management from service delivery environment. Through this, we can assure our customers that the Service Level Guarantees we provide are among the worlds best and backed by Suns independent auditing. (Etisalat enhances customer and internal service levels through SunTone certification, 2007)From left to right: Ali Al Sharhan Executive Vice President, IT, Etisalat; Tareq Alkharji Vice President Network Operations, Etisalat; and Marc Heger, Gulf District Manager for Sun Microsystems Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Marc Heger, Gulf District Manager for Sun Microsystems MENA said As part of its SunTone accreditation, Etisalat is the only regional managed hosting provider that can maximize its IT efficiency, benchmark and quantify the successful provision of services externally and internally, and document the improved quality of service that it is now providing, (Etisalat enhances customer and internal service levels through SunTone certification, 2007) SUN TONE CRTF.jpg In this research I am going to talk about the SunTone certification description, process, procedures, quality analysis and recommendation on best usage of quality certification in Internet Operations department. Objectives: The objectives of this research are: To learn about quality certifications applied on IT environment. To develop and improve the current quality process of the internet operations. To set recommendation on how to apply quality on IT environment and keep developing it. To analyze the internet operations quality practices internally through interview with quality manager in Etisalat. Significance: There are several important points that I am going to gain through this research such as: To understand the current practice of Internet Operations. To improve and develop the current quality process and adopt the best practices. To develop my current TQM Fundamentals course knowledge and compare it with the current quality practice of internet operations department. Hypothesis: The more quality applied on internet operations processes, the more positive and satisfied output will result to Etisalat internet products. Setting Service Level Agreement (SLA) and operational level agreement (OLA) between sections will have a positive impact on customers satisfaction. Literature Review: In fact no one wrote in this subject before, however an audit report was done to Sun Microsystems to highlight the quality aspects of Internet Operations Department in Etisalat. Chapter 2: SunTone Initiative In May 1999, the SunTone initiative lunched as a certification and branding program for service providers services to audit and certify web delivered software applications. Through a combination of IT management defined best practices, specifications and services, the SunTone Initiative enables organizations to cut time and cost to deploy high quality web enabled services. The SunTone Initiative also helps enterprises to gain high quality service products applications from external Service Providers and deploy them with confidence. The SunTone Initiative supports the practice of hosting and managing a range of web enabled services through a combination of internal external IT resources. Customers can take advantage of SunTone Initiative whether they intend to build world class services internally or to purchase high quality SunTone certified applications from IT service providers and software vendors. (About the SunTone Initiative) SunTone Benefits: The SunTone Initiative helps enterprises manage their IT services efficiently and cost effectively, in order to increase Quality of Service (QoS). The process of certifying services under the SunTone Initiative helps companies to: Meet Service Level Agreements (SLAs) with higher quality of service delivery Manage flexible, high quality IT services. Build and maintain IT staffing competencies. Better utilize existing IT resources. Adopt the sourcing strategy that make most economic, technical and business sense with full confidence. SunTone Certification process: There are three steps to get the SunTone certification are: SunTone Specifications The SunTone Service Delivery Specification is a guide to managing web-enabled services to the highest Quality of Service levels. The specifications provide guidelines and contain a checklist to allow enterprises to evaluate their current operations against the best IT practices. SunTone Enablers. SunTone Enablers are offerings and tools to help customers to meet the SunTone standards for higher quality network service delivery. Sun Services for the SunTone Initiative provide expert consulting, flexible learning solutions, and mission critical support focused on helping customers and partners meet the SunTone requirements for network service delivery. SunTone Audit Certification The SunTone certification audit performed by Sun or third parties validates the implementation and gives the company an industry recognized seal of approval for their web-based services. What is Quality of Service (QoS)? Quality of Service is a measurement of how well a service or solution complies with Service Level Agreements (SLAs). These metrics includes, but not limited to: Availability Reliability Support Response Times Security Disaster Recovery Processes Criteria of SunTone Certification: There are two different SunTone specifications, one for enterprise customers and service providers, and the other is for software developers. Each specification has its own requirements covering areas such as infrastructure, operational practices, hardware, software, and overall service delivery practices. Certifications of Enterprise customer solutions and service provider solutions must be renewed annually, and must conform to the standards of the current specification level. (Frequently Asked Questions) Chapter 3: Profile of the company: Emirates Telecommunication Corporation (Etisalat) is one of the telecommunication service providers in the UAE since 1976. It is now a well known Telecommunication provider in almost 18 countries in both Asia and Africa continents with more than 100 million subscribers. It has built up a modern telecom infrastructure and established itself as an innovative and reliable operator. 60% of Etisalat revenue gained from mobile services while the remaining is from other services such as landlines, internet, interconnect, etc. Based on that, Etisalat is considered as the 13th largest mobile network operator in the world. Financial Times ranked Etisalat as the 140th in the Top 500 corporations in the world in terms of market capitalization. Mission Statement: Etisalat has set a mission statement in order to derive its business towards customers satisfaction. Its mission has a great effect of innovation and development of new products and services to be provided to customers whenever needed. It has set the following mission statement, vision, values and future which will provide a clear guide to its business. Mission : To extend peoples reach. Vision: A world where peoples reach is not limited by matter or distance. Values: Energy,  Openness, Enablement Future: A world in which technology extends our reach. Etisalat is an international telecom provider covering 18 countries in the world based on investment, joint ventures and stack holding. Its business and administration is well defined and managed under the umbrella of Etisalat Group. Etisalat Telecommunication Corporation is one of the telecom service providers in the UAE. Etisalat UAE is headquartered in Abu Dhabi and includes three regional offices Abu Dhabi, Dubai, and Northern Emirates. It has been divided into that in order to concentrate on it specialization. The headquarter or what we call in Etisalat Head Office is specialized in planning, developing, marketing and managing all activities centrally. The regional office responsibility is to take care of normal operational work such as sales, finance, regional engineering and administrational work related to the region that was delegated to them by the head office. (Etisalat Website) Internet Operations: Internet Operations is the department that is responsible of operating the internet services provided to public such as internet access, emails, hosting services, data center services, Internet payment gateway, eSecurity services as well as internet access to other service providers internally in the UAE or externally in other nearby countries. It was founded in 1995 to provide internet service through dialup and then expanded to operate several other services with high quality reliable service. The department has several sections that look into different internet services provided to customers: Network Operations: This section is responsible of the network infrastructure of the internet service provided by Etisalat. They are responsible of the backbone of the internet that is connected to the international lines and carriers. Moreover, they are responsible of internet access services such as ADSL, leased lines, cable modems, etc. Service Operations: This section is responsible of the internet services provided by Etisalat such as email, web hosting service, database, etc. Security Operations: This section is responsible of the maintaining the security aspects of the internet and work as a gourd for all the internet service provided by Etisalat. Internet Network Operations Center: This section is responsible of monitoring of the internet network and services all the time and assuring high availability of the infrastructure. Internet Operation Hierarchy: Chapter 4: Research Methodology: This research is done based on an interview conducted with some employees who participated in developing the quality of Internet Operation department processes. I have done an interview With Mr. Asef Termizi, Sr. Manager/IT Governance Architecture Assurance and Mr. Anwar Bawab, Sr. Specialist/IT Governance Architecture Assurance, who were members in SunTone Certification process. Scope: The scope of this research is to collect data about quality implementation in Internet Operations department in Etisalat in order to understand the current process and overcome its limitations and errors. Limitation: I faced some problems while collecting data are: The SunTone Certification is limited to some eHosting services that are managed by several sections in Internet Operations department. Most of the sections in Internet Operations are applying processes that was defined several years ago or modified sometime ago without referring to quality assurance. So it was difficult to interview those sections and ask them about their quality measures of the current process. The SunTone Certification is a brand quality certification introduced by Sun Microsystems, and measures quality of the companies uses their hardware. It came to my attention that it is no more an accredited certification. That is why there is very limited information about SunTone on the internet. Data Collection: This research is mainly based on an interview with IT Governance Architecture Assurance Sr. Manager IT Governance Architecture Assurance Sr. Specialist in Etisalat participated in preparation of the SunTone certification. Also some of the information provided is based on SunTone Certification Audit Report provided by them. Data Analysis: Etisalat started in 2005 to introduce the SunTone certification for the Internet Operations department in cooperation with Sun Microsystems. This work continued up-to June 2007 to gain this certification after several audit, revision and initiatives applied to achieve the SunTone seal of approval. Internet Operations went through the most stringent service reliability requirements and assessment to ensure the efficiency of its People, Processes, Products (Technology Tools) and Partners (Suppliers, Vendors) (Termizi, 2010). The project was led by Internet Operations in coordination with Corporate Quality Department in consultation with Sun Microsystems. The SunTone audit and certification program incorporates principles from multiple industry standards, including ITIL and ISO. The program is built on the principles of IT Service Management excellence which included 15 assessment areas under the categories of Service Delivery, Service Support and Management, such as:- Service-Level Management. Service Architecture. Availability Management. Capacity Management. Data Center Management. Configuration Management. Change Management. Service Desk Management. Incident Management. Problem Management. Release Management. Etisalat got their SunTone Certification in only three assessment areas are: Incident Management: to restore normal service operation as quickly as possible and minimize the adverse effect on business operations, Problem Management: to resolve the root causes of incidents and thus to minimize the adverse impact of incidents and problems on business that are caused by errors within the IT infrastructure, and to prevent recurrence of incidents related to these errors. Change Management: to ensure that standardized methods and procedures are used for efficient handling of all changes, The SunTone certification signifies Etisalat ability to meet the highest quality standards in the industry, instilling process excellence in Etisalats IT Service Management strategy (Termizi, 2010). The process that Sun Microsystems auditors follow to recommend the accreditation to Internet Operations in their last assessment meeting in 2007 is: Review the previous improvement plan and examine the tangible evidence. Hold an initial meeting with the Etisalat Internet Operations, Co-location and e-Hosting Management Team to detail the Audit process. Verify that Etisalat has complied with the recommendations of the previous assessment within the scope of Co-location and e-Hosting Services. One-to-one interviews with key management and personnel require case by case examples of changes and incidents with particular emphasis on usage of ITIL disciplines, processes and related documentation. Review of specified documents. Collaborate with Etisalat, in terms of the implementation of ITIL disciplines and best practice. Preparation of the Auditors Report. (Bawab, 2010) The ITIL has a great input to develop the process on Internet Operations Department based on the best practices of IT processes. The Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) is a set of concepts and practices for Information Technology Services Management, Information Technology (IT) development and IT operations (Wikipedia, 2010). During the latest audit of the Sun Microsystems auditors, they highlighted some of the issues that Etisalat has to take care of in order to reach the highest quality standards such as Service Level Agreements. Etisalat should work on their SLAs with both customers and vendors in consideration of Risk Management. The SLAs with vendors and customers should carry the same service levels, penalties, reporting processes, escalation procedures, etc. Hypothesis: Setting Service Level Agreement (SLA) and operational level agreement (OLA) between sections will have a positive impact on customers satisfaction. Audit results: The audit results reported by Sun Microsystems auditors based on their latest assessment are: Etisalat should finalise and improve the implementation of three key ITIL responsibilities and related processes: Incident Management, Problem Management and Change Management. There has been a major drive to implement these aspects, in particular the Incident and Change with less importance at present being placed on Problem Management. Etisalat should rework their SLAs (both customer and vendor). The Auditor checked the SLA documents and is satisfied that SLA exists for all parties. Functional and Organisational Compliance of ITIL Management practices with specific regard to Incident Management, Problem Management and Change Management. There has been a huge amount of effort and refinement put into implementing these disciplines. Appropriate internal costing of services and service components. The actual cost per square metre of the data centre environment, various levels of manpower needed to install a service, electricity, set up costs of each service available to customers are available. Using the automated workflow and work order system installed, Etisalat have tight control over the amount of time each set up component. Use of a knowledge base of Known Incidents. The Auditor noted that the majority of calls were solved at the initial point of contact. Gain further maturity in ITIL disciplines. 150 Etisalat staff have been trained formally on ITIL. Automate processes where appropriate. The use of the HP suite of Incident, Problem and Change Management tools has satisfied the Auditor that the level of automation is excellent and widely used. (Bawab, 2010) Transition to ISO20000: The auditor has noted some high level issues relevant to focus the efforts the transition to ISO20000. There are a lot of similarly between SunTone and the ISO2000 standards, almost to the point one might say they are identical. The key drivers are Service Level Agreements (SLAs) and Operational Level Agreements (OLAs). The standards use: If you cant measure it you cant manage it. (Termizi, 2010) ISO20000 is the first international standard for IT Service Management developed in 2005 by the BSI Group. It promotes the adoption of an integrated process approach to effectively deliver managed services to meet the business and customer requirements (Wikipedia, 2010) In the diagram we can see the relationships between all the entities recommended to have a stable and high value Service Management system. In the middle we can see the plan, do, check act model. The model looks at the relationship between the input side (on the left); Business Requirements and the output side (on the right) Business results. Those controlled activities  convert input to output in a reliable manner. These measures are alien with customer satisfaction surveys. The linkages of the standards elements to the Plan, Do, Check, Act (PDCA) activities are:   PLAN Plan Service Management DO    Implement Service Management and provide service CHECK Monitor, measure and review ACT Improvement. (Bawab, 2010) Hypothesis: The more quality applied on internet operations processes, the more positive and satisfied output will result to Etisalat internet products. (Veyeren, 2007) Chapter 5: Conclusion: Quality has become an important approach that organizations are taking care of while developing their process of work and managing their resources. Internet Operations Department in Etisalat spent a lot of time and effort on the quality of its process in order to reach and achieve a recognized international IT management standard such as SunTone Certification. The process of work developed in the department to be aligned with ITIL international standard in three major parts are: incident management, problem management and change management. Recommendation: There are several points that I can recommend in order to improve the quality of Internet Operations process in order to achieve customers satisfaction. Adopt a service level agreement (SLA) with the customers in order to provide the best service to customers. Develop the process of coordination and incident management between Internet Operations sections using an operation level agreement (OLA) in order to achieve the SLA. Adopt more ITIL management responsibilities such as: Service Level Management. Capacity Management. Data Center Management. Configuration Management. Service Desk Management. Work hard to gain ISO20000 Certification.

Women Priests Essay -- essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If one was to take a step back and look at our society as a whole one would see that women’s rights have changed dramatically over the last century. Women are no longer expected to get married, have children, and stay at home to take care of their family. Women have left the home and entered the work force. There have been many laws passed to prevent the discrimination of women and to make sure that they are treated equally.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Certainly, one can say that there is still a struggle between the sexes over the organization of modern society. Society has indeed embraced a gender war of sorts through the ages which has culminated in a outcome that declares the male the victor. One example of this is that women are not allowed to be ordained as priests in the Catholic Church.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As a child, I attended Catholic schools until high school. I was instructed by mostly nuns. I can remember that when the priest came into the room we would have to stand up as a sign of respect towards our faith. As I got older, I began to think that nuns are part of the religious life but we don’t have to treat them with this same respect. During my catholic education, I was taught that God created us in his image and likeness. If this is true, and as Christians we believe that Christ is the fullest manifestation of God, how can they say that only men image God? Are women incapable of revealing God?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A hundred years ago, women had little standing in the Catholic Church, like in society in general. Women were not allowed to: receive communion during their monthly periods and after giving birth to a child they needed to be purified before re-entering a church building. Women were strictly forbidden to touch sacred items such as the chalice, the paten, or the alter linen. They certainly could not distribute holy communion. While in church, women need to have their heads veiled at all times. Women were also barred from entering the sanctuary except for cleaning purposes, reading Sacred Scripture from the pulpit, preaching, singing in a church choir, being alter servers, becoming full members of confraternities and organizations of the laity, and most importantly women were barred from receiving Holy Orders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In our time today with the new awarenes... ...you were to walk into a Catholic Church this Sunday you would most likely see a women on the alter. However this women would not be weary the fancy vestments standing behind the alter. Women have come a long way, but until a women is able to be ordained as a priest, Catholic Churches will continue to play on gender roles.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although I am not and never will be interested in becoming a priest myself, I feel that excluding women from the priesthood because of their sex is discriminatory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bibliography Bartusch, D., Matsueda, R. â€Å"Gender, reflected appraisals, and labeling a cross-group test of an interactionst theory of delinquency.† Social Forces (1996). Greeley, A. (1984). Angry Catholic Women. Illinois: The Thomas More Press. Ruether, R. (1985). Women-Church, Theology and Practice. New York: Harper & Row Publishers. Sweeney, T. (1992). A Church Divided. NewYork: Prometheus Books. Swidler, L. (1977). Women Priest; A Catholic Commentary on the Vatican Declaration. New York: Paulist Press.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Is ADHAD Over-Diagnosed? Essay examples -- Diseases, Disorders

There has been an ongoing debate about whether the mental disorder ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) is over-diagnosed. ADHD is commonly diagnosed in people, more specifically children, who lack the ability to pay attention, are often disruptive, are hyperactive, and impulsive. A medical personnel or a psychologist diagnoses the children using a list of criteria. It is only in recent years that doctors have begun researching better and more effective ways to diagnosis patients using brain scans. It is because of this, that ADHD is over-diagnosed for several reasons: the different personalities that children can exhibit; parents not taking responsibility as parents; and the lack of proper ways to identify ADHD. Each child is specifically unique in his or her own way. As a result, each child learns and acts differently. When a child is hyperactive or does not pay attention, parents are often worried that their child may have ADHD. However, that child may be a highly active child by nature and in need of exercise and a way to burn of all of that energy. In addition, various research has been done on the effects of the child’s age upon entering the classroom. To research the effect age could potentially have on children, a study was done in British Columbia that focused on 930,000 children between the ages of 6 to 12, from the years 1997 to 2008. They found that those born in December, typically some of the youngest in the class, â€Å"were 30 percent more likely to be diagnosed and 41 percent more likely to be treated with ADHD medication that boys born in January† (Dotinga). The research also showed similar results for girls. Although, the article claims that the findings, â€Å"†¦don’t prove definitively that any kids are... ...ot. Works Cited "Attention Deficit Disorder." - Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment by Medicalook. Medicalook. Web. 21 Mar. 2012. Dotinga, Randy. "Youngest Kids in Class More Apt to Get ADHD Diagnosis: Study." HealthDay Consumer News Service 05 Mar. 2012: Consumer Health Complete - EBSCOhost. Web. 21 Mar. 2012. Kanarek, Robin B. "Artificial Food Dyes And Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Nutrition Reviews 69.7 (2011): 385-391. Consumer Health Complete - EBSCOhost. Web. 21 Mar. 2012. Kirkpatrick, LaVonne. "ADHD Treatment And Medication: What Do You Need To Know As An Educator?." Delta Kappa Gamma Bulletin 72.1 (2005): 19-29. Education Full Text (H.W. Wilson). Web. 26 Mar. 2012. Peacock, Judith. "Chapter Three: How Is ADHD Diagnosed?." ADD & ADHD. 19. Capstone Press, 2002. Consumer Health Complete - EBSCOhost. Web. 26 Mar. 2012.

Enzymes :: Free Essays

Enzymes are proteins, composed of polypeptide chains and non-protein groups. Their function is to help with the reactions of many cells and molecules by serving as catalysts. A catalyst is a substance that allows the activation energy required for a reaction by forming a temporary association with the molecules that are reacting. During this process, the catalyst itself is not permanently altered in the process, and so it can be used over and over again. Because of catalysts, cells are able to carry out chemical reactions at a great speed and at comparative low temperatures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Almost 2,000 different enzymes are now known, each of them capable of catalyzing a specific chemical reaction. The molecule (s) on which an enzyme acts is known as its substrate. For example, sucrose is the substrate for the enzyme sucrase. Enzymes have specific structures that only its specific substrate will fit into. The polypeptide chains of an enzyme are folded in such way that they form a grove or pocket on the surface. The substrate fits in to this grove, which is the site of reactions catalyzed by the enzyme, or active site. Recent studies of enzyme structure have suggested that the active site is flexible. The binding between enzymes and substrate appears to alter the shape of the enzyme. This induces a close fit between the active site and the substrate. It is also believed that this may put some strain on the substrate molecule facilitating the reaction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another characteristics of enzymes are competitive inhibition and non-competitive inhibition. Competitive inhibition is the binding of a competitive molecule to the active site of the enzyme. This prevents the proper substrate from reacting with the enzyme. In non-competitive inhibition the binding of a non-competitive inhibitor to another site on the enzyme induces an allosteric change, or conformational change, that prevents the active site from binding to the proper substrate. Enzymes :: Free Essays Enzymes are proteins, composed of polypeptide chains and non-protein groups. Their function is to help with the reactions of many cells and molecules by serving as catalysts. A catalyst is a substance that allows the activation energy required for a reaction by forming a temporary association with the molecules that are reacting. During this process, the catalyst itself is not permanently altered in the process, and so it can be used over and over again. Because of catalysts, cells are able to carry out chemical reactions at a great speed and at comparative low temperatures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Almost 2,000 different enzymes are now known, each of them capable of catalyzing a specific chemical reaction. The molecule (s) on which an enzyme acts is known as its substrate. For example, sucrose is the substrate for the enzyme sucrase. Enzymes have specific structures that only its specific substrate will fit into. The polypeptide chains of an enzyme are folded in such way that they form a grove or pocket on the surface. The substrate fits in to this grove, which is the site of reactions catalyzed by the enzyme, or active site. Recent studies of enzyme structure have suggested that the active site is flexible. The binding between enzymes and substrate appears to alter the shape of the enzyme. This induces a close fit between the active site and the substrate. It is also believed that this may put some strain on the substrate molecule facilitating the reaction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another characteristics of enzymes are competitive inhibition and non-competitive inhibition. Competitive inhibition is the binding of a competitive molecule to the active site of the enzyme. This prevents the proper substrate from reacting with the enzyme. In non-competitive inhibition the binding of a non-competitive inhibitor to another site on the enzyme induces an allosteric change, or conformational change, that prevents the active site from binding to the proper substrate.

Keynes Theory of Income and Employment Essay

The term ‘classical economists’ was firstly used by Karl Marx to describe economic thought of Ricardo and his predecessors including Adam Smith. However, by ‘classical economists’, Keynes meant the followers of David Ricardo including John Stuart Mill, Alfred Marshal and Pigou. According to Keynes, the term ‘classical economics’ refers to the traditional or orthodox principles of economics, which had come to be accepted, by and large, by the well known economists by then. Being the follower of Marshal, Keynes had himself accepted and taught these classical principles. But he repudiated the doctrine of laissez-faire. The two broad features of classical theory of employment were: (a) The assumption of full employment of labour and other productive resources, and (b) The flexibility of prices and wages to bring about the full employment (a) Full employment:- According to classical economists, the labour and the other resources are always fully employed. Moreover, the general over-production and general unemployment are assumed to be impossible. If there is any unemployment in the country, it is assumed to be temporary or abnormal. According to classical views of employment, the unemployment cannot be persisted for a long time, and there is always a tendency of full employment in the country. (b) Flexibility of prices and wages:- The second assumption of full employment theory is the flexibility of prices and wages. It is the flexibility of prices and wages which automatically brings about full employment. If there is general over-production resulting in depression and unemployment, prices would fall as a result of which demand would increase, prices would rise and productive activity will be stimulated and unemployment would tend to disappear. Similarly, the unemployment could be cured by cutting down wages which would increase the demand for labour and would stimulate activity. Thus, if the prices and wages are allowed to move freely, unemployment would disappear and full employment level would be restored. Say’s Law:- 1. Say’s Law is the foundation of classical economics. Assumption of full employment as a normal condition of a free market economy is justified by classical economists by a law known as ‘Say’s Law of Markets’. 2. It was the theory on the basis of which classical economists thought that general over-production and general unemployment are not possible. . According to the French economist J. B. Say, supply creates its own demand. According to him, it is production which creates market for goods. More of production, more of creating demand for other goods. There can be no problem of over-production. 4. Say denies the possibility of the deficiency of aggregate demand. 5. The c onceived Say’s Law describes an important fact about the working of free-exchange of economy that the main source of demand is the sum of incomes earned by the various productive factors from the process of production itself. A new productive process, by paying out income to its employed factors, generates demand at the same time that it adds to supply. It is thus production which creates market for goods, or supply creates its own demand not only at the same time but also to an equal extent. 6. According to Say, the aggregate supply of commodities in the economy would be exactly equal to aggregate demand. If there is any deficiency in the demand, it would be temporary and it would be ultimately equal to aggregate supply. Therefore, the employment of more resources will always be profitable and will take to the point of full employment. 7. According to Say’s Law, there will always be a sufficient rate of total spending so as to keep all resources fully employed. Most of the income is spent on consumer goods and a par of it is saved. 8. The classical economists are of the view that all the savings are spent automatically on investment goods. Savings and investments are interchangeable words and are equal to each other. 9. Since saving is another form of spending, according to classical theory, all income is spent partly for consumption and partly for investment. 10. If there is any gap between saving and investment, the rate of interest brings about equality between the two. Basic Assumptions of Say’s Law:- (a) Perfectly competitive market and free exchange economy. (b) Free flow of money incomes. All the savings must be immediately invested and all the income must be immediately spent. (c) Savings are equal to investment and equality must bring about by flexible interest rate. (d) No intervention of government in market operations, i. e. , a laissez faire economy, and there is no government expenditure, taxation and subsidies. (e) Market size is limited by the volume of production and aggregate demand is equal to aggregate supply. (f) It is a closed economy. The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the world’s economy can decline. The depression originated in the U. S. , starting with the fall in stock prices that began around September 4, 1929 and became worldwide news with the stock market crash of October 29, 1929. From there, it quickly spread to almost every country in the world. The Great Depression had devastating effects in virtually every country, rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped. Unemployment in the U. S. rose to 25%, and in some countries rose as high as 33%. British economist John Maynard Keynes argued in General Theory of Employment Interest and Money that lower aggregate expenditures in the economy contributed to a massive decline in income and to employment that was well below the average. In such a situation, the economy reached equilibrium at low levels of economic activity and high unemployment. Keynes’ basic idea was simple: to keep people fully employed, governments have to run deficits when the economy is slowing, as the private sector would not invest enough to keep production at the normal level and bring the economy out of recession. Keynesian economists called on governments during times of economic crisis to pick up the slack by increasing government spending and/or cutting taxes. Criticism of Keynes on Classical Theory:- The law of J.B Say was finally falsified and laid to rest with the writings of Lord J.M. Keynes. He in his book, General Theory, has severally citicized the Say’s La on the following grounds. †¢ Posibility of defficiency of affective demand:- He says that in a compatative market it is not necessory that all income earned is automatically spend on cosumption and investment. A part of Income may be saved and may go to increase individual holdings. There may, thus appear a deficiency in aggregate demand causing overproduction and unemployment in the country. †¢ Pigou’s view on wage cuts:- Keynes criticized the view that a general cut in real wages in times of depression is a cure for unemployment. Keynes is of the view that a general cut in real wages may reduce the aggrigate demand for goods and deepen depression. †¢ Saving investment equality:- The Say’s Law assumes that micro economic analysis can profitably by by applied to the economy as a whole. Keynes rejects this view and says that for the explanation of the general theory of income and employment, the macro economic analysis is required. †¢ Saving investment equality:- Keynes was never convinced of the classical version that interest elasticity can equate savings ad investment. According to him, It is the income not the rate of interest which is the equilibrium force between saving and investment. †¢ Monopoly element:- Say’s Law assumes perfect competition in the economy. Keynes says It is the imperfect completion which in practice prevails in the product and factor market. †¢ Role of Trade unions:- In the contemporary capitalistic world, The trade unions bargain with the employers for the fixation of wages. The state also fixes minimum wages in certain industries. †¢ Short run economics:- Keynes says that, the lenth of long run is not clear in Say’s law. Keynes Theory Of Income And Employment John Maynard Keynes wrote his esteemed book â€Å"General Theory of Employment† in 1936. Keynes has strongly criticised the classical theory in his book. His theory of employment is widely accepted by modern economists. Keynesian economics is also known as ‘new economics’ and ‘economic revolution’. Definition:- â€Å"In short period, level of national income and so of employment is determined by aggregate demand and aggregate supply in the country.† â€Å"Volume of employment depends on the level of national income and output. Increase in national income means increase in employment† The equilibrium of national income occurs where aggregate demand is equal to aggregate supply. This equilibrium is also called effective demand point.

Observational Essay Essay

Observations are a type of primary research that involves spending time watching people or other creatures interact with each other and the world around them. Observations are used in nearly every field and can be incredibly useful in gathering information. Types of Participation Before observing, consider how you as an observer may alter the event being observed.  ·How fully will you participate in the event?  ·Will you simply sit, watch, and take notes with no interaction?  ·Will you interact with the participants?  ·Will you become a participant yourself? These different choices can radically change what you end up observing. The mere presence of an observer may alter the events–and if you interact with participants, you further risk changing what takes place. The other side to this is that by not participating in an event, you may not gain a complete understanding of that event. How to Observe When observing, it is especially important to separate observations from your feelings or reactions to observations. A good way to do this is to take your observations in a double-entry notebook. A double-entry notebook has two columns, one for what is directly observed and one is for what the observer interprets from the events. Here is an example: Observation: The teacher walks around the circle and speaks to each student individually. Interpretation: The teacher seems to want to make sure that each student understands the assignment. If you are observing a group that is not found in public (such as a group of card players, a sports team, or a special-interest group), it may be wise to plan to spend multiple sittings with the group. This will allow the group some time to adjust to your presence (and hence, for you to get more accurate observations). Recordings vs. Note-taking How will you be observing? Will you be taking notes in a notebook? With a laptop? Will you be recording your observations in some way (with a digital camera, video camera, digital recorder, etc? How you choose to observe is  another important consideration that can affect the quality and results of your observations. Remember that you cannot capture everything that takes place with a recording or by even by taking detailed notes. What to Observe Observational skills require some practice! The key to being a good observer is to pay attention to the details of a situation, write as much as you can, and write it as detailed as possible. Before you observe, you should consider how you will focus your observations–because you can’t focus on everything! Research is required for this essay. Read the sample observational essays and note how the students integrated research into their work. source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/559/07/ Write an observational essay about an intriguing place, person, or activity in your community. Your essay may be a brief profile of an individual based on one or two interviews: a description of a place or activity observed once or twice; or a longer, more fully developed profile of a person, place, or activity based on observational visits and interviews conducted over several days. Observe your subject closely, and then present what you have learnedin a way that both informs and engages readers. Use lots of description. Possible topicideas for observation (see your text for more ideas): -a church or temple (interview the minister/members) -a classroom (interview teacher/students) -a popular hangout -a hospital -any place that’s different or gets you outside of your comfort zone -a ride along with an officer -an AA meeting -a protest -a jail -hospice -homeless shelter -shelter for abused women with children

Language A Very Complicated System Education Essay

Language, a really complicated system, is really polar to human existences ( Saffran & A ; Thiessen, 2007 ) . It allows people to show their ideas, communicate with each other, and transmit cognition ( Scanlon, 1977 ) . Its importance stimulates a batch of research workers to research the development of linguistic communication in kids ( Shatz, 2007 ) . There are several sensible theories explicating how kids learn a linguistic communication ( Evans, 2007 ) . Some suggests that societal environment as an of import component in determining kids ‘s lingual development ; while Chomsky, a nativist theoretician, argues that there is a Language Acquisition Device inherently born with us, and human existences can get linguistic communication of course ( Meisel, 1995 ) . Harmonizing to Chomsky ( 1959 ) , there is a poorness of stimulation that the lingual input available in the societal environment is so limited for kids to develop a linguistic communication system, and therefore there must be some biological predisposed mechanism accounting for human lingual development. The undermentioned essay is non trying to reason against Chomsky ‘s thought, but to exemplify how the societal environment interacts with the innate lingual ability and determine the development of linguistic communication in kids. It has long been suggested that societal environment plays a important function in kids ‘s lingual development. Behaviorists, one of the earliest histories of linguistic communication development, see linguistic communication acquisition as a merchandise of operant conditioning ( Evans, 2007 ) . Skinner, the suggester of behaviourist theory, stresses that the acquisition of linguistic communication is besides contingent upon the effects of larning it ( Shatz, 2007 ) . For case, when a kid additions favourable attending from its parents ( a sort of intangible support ) after bring forthing a peculiar sound, it is really likely that the kid will reproduce that sound. The behaviourists have shortly been to a great extent criticized for their oversimplified theoretical account of human linguistic communication acquisition. There so comes the rise of empiricist and socio-pragmatic theoreticians which emphasize the importance of societal and cognitive elements of linguistic communica tion ( Tomasello, 1998 ) . Tomasello ( 2003 ) proposed the usage-based theory and explained linguistic communication acquisition utilizing a functional attack ( Tomasello, 2003 ) . Language develops when kids have the desire to pass on purposes with the others and when they realize the matter-of-fact maps of linguistic communication in the society ( ( Inhelder & A ; Piaget, 1980 ; Mueller Gathercole & A ; Hoff, 2007 ) . They learn the constructions of linguistic communication through observation ( Tomasello, 2003 ) and accrued linguistic communication experiences ( Lieven & A ; Tomasello, 2008 ) . Baldwin and Meyer ( 2007 ) argued that linguistic communication is inherently a societal behaviour. A word itself does non incorporate any significance, it is the members of societal community who use it and give it a significance ( Tomasello, 1999 ) . Therefore, to larn what a word is refer to, societal interaction is indispensable.Language and society is closely linked, and social factors to a great extent influence the linguistic communication to be used ( Evans, 2007 ) . Clearly, the societal environment plays a cardinal portion in determining the development of linguistic communication in kids. We shall concentrate on the societal environment in its broadest sense, non curtailing to peculiar scenes like place and school. The undermentioned essay chiefly explores how the measure and quality of societal interaction and stimulation, cultural norms and outlooks shapes kids ‘s lingual development.Social interaction and stimulationThe functional attack suggests that linguistic communication develops through kids ‘s battle in a societal context ( Robinson & A ; Ellis, 2008 ) and through their active interaction with others ( Inhelder & A ; Piaget, 1980 ) . The deficiency of societal interaction or an appropriate societal environment hinders normal development of linguistic communication in kids ( Rice, 2007 ) . For illustration, Genie, the miss who was kept entirely and locked in a room for 12 old ages, failed to utilize linguistic communication usually ( Pines, 1981 ) . Linguistic environment The most important component of linguistic communication development is the lingual input. Both the measure and quality of lingual input are of import. Measure can be expressed as the frequence of exposure to linguistic communication ; while quality is expressed as the assortment of input ( Hoff, 2006 ) . Surveies show that the more frequent the kids are exposed to peculiar words or sentence constructions, the earlier they can get and reproduce them. And the wider the scope of vocabularies the kids are exposed to, the more picks of word they have when building sentences ( Naigles and Hoff-Ginsberg, 1998 ) . However, lingual input is besides a sort of disciplinary feedback ( Mueller Gathercole & A ; Hoff, 2007 ) , so that kids who engage in more societal interaction have higher opportunities to be corrected when they make errors. Exposing to different types of input can heighten the profusion of the lingual environmen. For illustration, if one wants to larn Cantonese, s/he can actively seek for a Cantonese environment like watching Cantonese films, sing China Town, run intoing Cantonese friends, etc. different types of lingual input may assist linguistic communication development in different facets. The consequence of frequence of exposure in linguistic communication acquisition can besides be shown in survey that involves bilingual linguistic communication scholars. Bilingual linguistic communication scholars, holding to larn two linguistic communications at the same time, have less exposure to both the linguistic communications, comparing to monolingual kids ( Genesee & A ; Nicoladis, 2007 ) . It is found that bilingual kids have a smaller vocabulary size in each linguistic communication, and the sort of words they learn are rather different, as bilingual kids receive different lingual inputs from different communicative spouses. Bruner ( 1981 ) believed that linguistic communication development is a consequence of the interaction between nature and raising. As suggested, societal activities like ‘play ‘ are valuable beginnings of lingual input. During the drama clip, kids can actively prosecute in lingual exchange and interactions with the grownups ( Shatz, 2007 ) . It was found that kids who possessed playthings and engaged in originative drama were more sophisticated in showing themselves verbally and showed promotion in linguistic communication acquisition ( Scanlon, 1977 ) . Other linguistics stimulations and activities like playing with image cards and role-playing a narrative are besides good to the kids ‘s linguistic communication development ( Hoff & A ; Tian, 2005 ) . Research surveies showed that there is a birth-order difference in the development of linguistic communication in kids. First-born kids are relatively more advanced in sentence structure and vocabulary ; while later-born kids have better conversational accomplishment ( Hoff, 1998 ; 1999 ) . The ground history for such difference is closely linked with the differences in the type and measure of lingual input. First-born kids have been the lone kids before the reaching of younger siblings. Fakouri ( 1974 ) suggested that the parents ‘ love, attention, and attending to the individual kid are indivisible by, and they perchance prosecute the kid into a higher- quality interaction, and therefore the exposure of lingual input is greater. Upon the birth of a sibling, the opportunity of acquiring one-to-one communicative interaction with the parents is lessened for both kids ( Hoff, 2006 ) . Yet, the later-born kids have another beginning of lingual input, which is from their senior sib lings. However, the quality of the lingual inputs provided by elder siblings is dissimilar to that by the parents, as they normally are less complex and dwell more grammatical mistake. A antiphonal spouse The functionalists believe that a antiphonal spouse for communicative exchange is needed for linguistic communication acquisition. Just like the other types of development, linguistic communication acquisition besides needs the staging of grownups. A antiphonal spouse should be cognizant of what the kid is go toing to in the here-and-now context and follow into that peculiar object or event ( Karrass et al. , 2002 ) , so that the kid can do usage of this societal cue to larn the linguistic communication associated with that focused topographic point ( Diesendruck, Gelman, & A ; Lebowitz, 1998 ) . The particular type of societal interaction is called joint attending, and it strongly correlates with word acquisition ( Bruner, 1983 ) . Children can larn new words expeditiously when they are socially engaged or pass oning with a antiphonal spouse, and larn best if they jointly attend to execute some day-to-day modus operandis like bathing and dining ( Tomasello, 1999 ) . Research done by Tomasello and Todd ( 1983 ) showed that the continuance of battle in joint attending was positively correlated with vocabulary size. Questioning and giving immediate responses to kids can keep their involvement as good ( Tomasello, 1999 ) . Studies found that kids who have grownups prosecuting them in conversation and utilizing more wh-questions during communicating have relatively better development in aides and verb usage ( Hoff, 1999 ) . Social-interactionist theoreticians believed that a good communicative spouse of a kid should do good usage of kid directed address or motherese ( Snow, 1979 ) . Child-direct address is a particular signifier of talk that normally is rather simple, with the talkers expressing meaning-rich words like the names of aims and verbs one-by-one clearly. Furthermore, the talker normally negotiations with higher pitch to capture the attending of the kid ( Mueller Gathercole & A ; Hoff, 2007 ) . Research surveies on the use of child-direct address show that it is associated with enhanced phonological consciousness and word acknowledgment. However, it should be noted that although child-direct address is correlated with a broad scope of positive results, it is non indispensable for normal development of linguistic communication in kids. This alone type of address is non cosmopolitan, as in some states, speaking to babes with such a high-pitch and simple construction is considered as discourtesy to them ( Hoff, 2006 ) . There is grounds demoing that kids, whose communicative spouses have higher educational degree, possess wider scope of vocabularies and are able to organize comparatively long and complicated sentences. They are besides better in depicting objects or evens that are non instantly present ( Umek, Fekonja, Kranjc & A ; Bajc, 2008 ) . The difference in the caretakers ‘ educational degree may connote the difference in the profusion of kids ‘s lingual environment and rational stimulation. Higher educated health professionals perchance can supply more acquisition chances to their kids than caretakers who are less educated. This shows how of import lingual input is for the favourable development of linguistic communication in kids. Cultural norms and outlooks are another country that can do a immense consequence of kids ‘s linguistic communication acquisition.Cultural norms and outlooksThere are a batch of cultural norms and outlooks invisibly hidden in a kid ‘s socie tal environment ( Inhelder & A ; Piaget, 1980 ; Ochs & A ; Schieffelin, 1995 ) . The impact of cultural norms and outlooks on linguistic communication development are more hard to mensurate ( Herschensohn, 2007 ) , as kids internalize these norms and bit by bit absorb them as 1 ‘s ain values ( Inhelder & A ; Piaget, 1980 ) . The undermentioned portion illustrates how societal category, ethnicity, gender and equals shape the development of linguistic communication in kids. Social category Many research surveies found differences in the ways and forms of linguistic communication development among kids of different societal categories. Health professionals in the upper category speak more to their kids ; and in bend greatly expand the vocabulary size of these kids ( Hoff, 2006 ) . To be more precise, the kids ‘s vocabulary size is found to be positively correlated with the health professionals ‘ or parents ‘ figure of words spoken to them. Besides a quantitative difference, there are besides qualitative differences between the two societal categories. The unwritten linguistic communication of kids from lower socio-economic standing was worse than those from higher socio-economic position ( Hoff, 2006 ) . Upper category parents talk to their kids normally because they want and plan to prosecute in a conversation with them ; while lower category parents normally talk to their kids for some practical grounds like giving them instructions to work [ ( Hoff, 2006 ) . Children of from the upper category are exposed to a wider scope of vocabularies, particularly the productive vocabularies ( Hoff, 2003 ) . Children normally spend most of the clip with the people from the same societal category ; the common influence reinforces the kids to move and speak in the same manner as the other members of the societal category do. And because of the self-fulfilling prognostication, kids might hold acted harmonizing to what the others expect ( Edwards, 1979 ) . Therefore, even the kids of different societal categories go to the same school, their li nguistic communication development might yet be really different. Ethnicity Peoples from different states experience different advancement in linguistic communication development. People ‘s pick of vocabularies can extremely reflect their cultural outlooks and norms. Peoples from an individualist civilization have a different linguistic communication attitudes and vocabulary pick as people from a collectivist-oriented state ( Gudykunst & A ; Schmidt, 1987 ) . As stated by Ayyash-Abdo ( 2001 ) , people believing in individuality concern more about their ain beliefs, demands and rights ; while people with a leftist mentality consider themselves as a portion of the whole community, and topographic point the group ‘s demands on a higher precedence than their ain demands. Collectivist seeks harmoniousness and emphasizes cooperation. Wu and Rubin ( 2000 ) found that, in footings of linguistic communication usage, individualists ‘ manner of showing their thoughts is more direct and self-asserting, and they use â€Å" I † more frequently to give voice their sentences. Conversely, leftists like to utilize â€Å" we † , and there are much more relational nouns in the Chinese linguistic communication that helps to do all right differentiations between different relations. For illustration, in English, â€Å" uncles † can intend one ‘s female parents ‘ senior or younger brothers, and besides one ‘s m ale parent senior or younger brothers. But in Chinese, there are four different nouns for those four different types of â€Å" uncles † . Several surveies attempted to compare the linguistic communication development in American yearlings with Nipponese yearlings. The former, in general, represents individuality ; while the latter represents Bolshevism. it was discovered that the American babes knew a broad scope of productive and receptive vocabularies ; while Nipponese babes were good at symbolic drama ( Tamis-LeMonda, Bornstein, Cyphers, Toda & A ; Ogino, 1992 ) . To account for the difference, Tamis-LeMonda, et Al. ( 1992 ) found that American female parents tend to label objects and events more on a regular basis, stress the demand of independency ; arouse the kids ‘s involvement in the external word ; and are more information-oriented when they talk to their kids. On the other manus, Nipponese female parents ever engage their kids in group drama and dyadic activities ; advance a sense of dependance ; and are more affect-oriented. Ethnicity does non merely act upon the kids ‘s size of vocabularies, but besides in a batch of ways such as the linguistic communication attitude, pick of words and ways to sentiments. The geographical features of a state besides have an impact on kids ‘s exposure to different types of words. For illustration, in Hong Kong and other metropoliss which are closer to the equator, snowing is non possible. In Cantonese, we merely have one noun to depict â€Å" snow † , without any other vocabularies that could depict the different types and strength of â€Å" snow † . In contrast, there are many words created to separate the assorted sorts of â€Å" snow † , e.g. snowstorms, snow squalls, bustles, graupel, sleet, dendrites, acerate leafs, snow pellets, etc. Gender Quite a batch of research surveies on the gender difference in linguistic communication development of kids show that misss, between one to three old ages old, could treat linguistic communication and reading at a faster rate and bring forth syntactically more complicated sentences than male childs of the same age ( Umek et al. , 2008 ) . Boys, instead, could understand the significance of words better ( Wolf & A ; Gow, 1986 ) . It appears that male childs are less well-developed in linguistic communication acquisition in the early old ages. Karrass et Al. ( 2002 ) suggested that this might good be the influence of gender stereotypes. It is normally taught and believed that male childs are more active and misss are more soft and elegant. It is found that parents of male childs are less sensitive to their linguistic communication accomplishments, but shows greater concern to the boy ‘s motor development ( Eaton & A ; Enns, 1986 ) . For misss, the parents tend to speak to their g irls more frequently, and prosecute them in communicative activities like story-telling. Peers Peers become increasingly of import as the kids grow up ( Fortman, 2003 ) . Childs further develop their linguistic communication and societal accomplishments through interacting with their equals. By that clip, in order to seek group designation and keep association with the group, different group norms and group ‘language ‘ like hip-hop may emerge to stand for group rank ( Giles, 1979 ) . The specific sort of linguistic communication is created for the group to admit each other and except the out-group members. Children at this age may change their linguistic communication attitude and ways of showing thoughts to make a positive self-image obtain a desirable group individuality ( Ryan, 1979 ) .DecisionA batch of facets within the societal environment drama of import functions in determining the development of linguistic communication in kids. Yet, as stated in the debut, Chomsky ‘s nativist theory is besides really sensible and influential. A well-developed lingui stic communication system is in fact a merchandise of rich societal environment and the kid ‘s willingness and accomplishments to react to the societal input.